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More complex contours are possible. Chao gave an example of [꜔꜒꜖꜔] (mid-high-low-mid) from English prosody. [80] Chao tone letters generally appear after each syllable, for a language with syllable tone – a˧vɔ˥˩ – or after the phonological word, for a language with word tone ( avɔ˧˥˩ ).
In less formally precise terms, a language with a highly phonemic orthography may be described as having regular spelling or phonetic spelling. Another terminology is that of deep and shallow orthographies , in which the depth of an orthography is the degree to which it diverges from being truly phonemic.
Spelling alphabet a.k.a. radio alphabet: a set of code words for the names of the letters of an alphabet, used in noisy conditions such as radio communication; each word typically stands for its own initial letter NATO phonetic alphabet: the international standard (e.g., Alfa, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot etc.)
The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association. It is not a complete list of all possible speech sounds in the world's languages, only those about which stand-alone articles exist in this encyclopedia.
Although the letter t is pronounced by most speakers with aspiration [tʰ] at the beginning of words, this is never indicated in the spelling, and, indeed, this phonetic detail is probably not noticeable to the average native speaker not trained in phonetics.
Reading by using phonics is often referred to as decoding words, sounding-out words or using print-to-sound relationships.Since phonics focuses on the sounds and letters within words (i.e. sublexical), [13] it is often contrasted with whole language (a word-level-up philosophy for teaching reading) and a compromise approach called balanced literacy (the attempt to combine whole language and ...
NATO phonetic alphabet – Letter names for unambiguous communication; English orthography – English spelling and punctuating rules; English-language spelling reform – Proposed reforms to English spelling to be more phonetic; American manual alphabet – Manual alphabet that augments the vocabulary of American Sign Language
For example, the English word through consists of three phonemes: the initial "th" sound, the "r" sound, and a vowel sound. The phonemes in that and many other English words do not always correspond directly to the letters used to spell them (English orthography is not as strongly phonemic as that of many other languages).