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The shoulder joint involves articulation between the glenoid cavity of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the head of the upper arm bone and functions as a diarthrosis and multiaxial joint. Due to the very loose joint capsule that gives a limited interface of the humerus and scapula, it is the most mobile joint of the human body.
Adhesive capsulitis (AC), also known as frozen shoulder, is a condition associated with shoulder pain and stiffness. [1] It is a common shoulder ailment that is marked by pain and a loss of range of motion, particularly in external rotation. [3] There is a loss of the ability to move the shoulder, both voluntarily and by others, in multiple ...
Anterior shoulder dislocation often is a result of a blow to the shoulder while the arm is in an abducted position. In younger people, these dislocation events are most commonly associated with fractures on the humerus and/or glenoid and can lead to recurrent instability.
The Müller AO Classification of fractures is a system for classifying bone fractures initially published in 1987 [1] by the AO Foundation as a method of categorizing injuries according to therognosis of the patient's anatomical and functional outcome. "AO" is an initialism for the German "Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen", the ...
Shoulder anatomy, front view Shoulder anatomy, back view The rotator cuff is an anatomical term given to the group of four muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder. [ 3 ] These muscles are the supraspinatus , infraspinatus , teres minor and subscapularis and that hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity during ...
The axilla (pl.: axillae or axillas; also known as the armpit, underarm or oxter) is the area on the human body directly under the shoulder joint.It includes the axillary space, an anatomical space within the shoulder girdle between the arm and the thoracic cage, bounded superiorly by the imaginary plane between the superior borders of the first rib, clavicle and scapula (above which are ...
Passive range of motion exercises for the shoulder can be done when pain has subsided. This can be done with the assistance of a physical therapist. [8] When properly indicated, non-surgical treatment options for proximal humerus fractures have good outcomes in terms of fracture healing and restoration of arm function. [8]
A fracture in this area is most likely to cause damage to the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery. Damage to the axillary nerve affects function of the teres minor and deltoid muscles, resulting in loss of abduction of arm (from 15-90 degrees), weak flexion, extension, and rotation of shoulder as well as loss of sensation of ...