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Fluency (also called volubility and eloquency) refers to continuity, smoothness, rate, and effort in speech production. [1] It is also used to characterize language production, language ability or language proficiency. In speech language pathology it means the flow with which sounds, syllables, words and phrases are joined when speaking quickly ...
Reading comprehension is the ability to process written text, understand its meaning, and to integrate with what the reader already knows. [1][2][3][4] Reading comprehension relies on two abilities that are connected to each other: word reading and language comprehension. [5] Comprehension specifically is a "creative, multifaceted process" that ...
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch. [1] [2] [3] [4]For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.
Cultural literacy. Cultural literacy is a term coined by American educator and literary critic E. D. Hirsch, referring to the ability to understand and participate fluently in a given culture. Cultural literacy is an analogy to literacy proper (the ability to read and write letters). A literate reader knows the object-language's alphabet ...
The IEA's Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) [1] is an international study of reading (comprehension) achievement in 9-10 year olds. It has been conducted every five years since 2001 by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA). It is designed to measure children's reading literacy ...
Emergent literacies. Emergent literacy is a term that is used to explain a child's knowledge of reading and writing skills before they learn how to read and write words. [1] It signals a belief that, in literate society, young children—even one- and two-year-olds—are in the process of becoming literate. [2]
Dyslexia, previously known as word blindness, is a learning disability that affects either reading or writing. [ 1 ][ 6 ] Different people are affected to different degrees. [ 3 ] Problems may include difficulties in spelling words, reading quickly, writing words, "sounding out" words in the head, pronouncing words when reading aloud and ...
Developing language proficiency improves an individual’s capacity to communicate. Over time through interaction and through exposure to new forms of language in use, an individual learns new words, sentence structures, and meanings, thereby increasing their command of using accurate forms of the target language.
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