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This is a timeline of subatomic particle discoveries, including all particles thus far discovered which appear to be elementary (that is, indivisible) given the best available evidence. It also includes the discovery of composite particles and antiparticles that were of particular historical importance.
However, modern mathematicians generally believe that his axioms were highly incomplete, and that his definitions were not really used in his proofs. 300 BC: Finite geometric progressions are studied by Euclid in Ptolemaic Egypt. [43] 300 BC: Euclid proves the infinitude of primes. [44] 300 BC: Euclid proves the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic.
1964 François Englert, Robert Brout, Peter Higgs, Gerald Guralnik, C. R. Hagen, and Tom Kibble postulate that a fundamental quantum field, now called the Higgs field, permeates space and, by way of the Higgs mechanism, provides mass to all the elementary subatomic particles that interact with it. While the Higgs field is postulated to confer ...
The rapid expansion of space meant that elementary particles remaining from the grand unification epoch were now distributed very thinly across the universe. However, the huge potential energy of the inflaton field was released at the end of the inflationary epoch, as the inflaton field decayed into other particles, known as "reheating".
Many more types of subatomic particles have been found. Most such particles (but not electrons) were eventually found to be composed of even smaller particles such as quarks. Particle physics studies these smallest particles; nuclear physics studies atomic nuclei and their (immediate) constituents: protons and neutrons.
This timeline lists significant discoveries in physics and the laws of nature, including experimental discoveries, theoretical proposals that were confirmed experimentally, and theories that have significantly influenced current thinking in modern physics. Such discoveries are often a multi-step, multi-person process.
The timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their natural satellites charts the progress of the discovery of new bodies over history. Each object is listed in chronological order of its discovery (multiple dates occur when the moments of imaging, observation, and publication differ), identified through its various designations (including temporary and permanent schemes), and the ...
First space walk/extra-vehicular activity (Alexei Leonov). USSR Voskhod 2: March 1965: First crewed spacecraft to change orbit. USA (NASA) Gemini 3: 14 July 1965: First flyby of Mars (returned pictures). USA (NASA) Mariner 4 [18] 14 July 1965: First photographs of another planet from deep space . USA (NASA) Mariner 4 [18] 26 November 1965