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This yields as a special case the well-known formula for the area of a triangle, by considering a triangle as a degenerate trapezoid in which one of the parallel sides has shrunk to a point. The 7th-century Indian mathematician Bhāskara I derived the following formula for the area of a trapezoid with consecutive sides a, c, b, d:
The area of an isosceles (or any) trapezoid is equal to the average of the lengths of the base and top (the parallel sides) times the height. In the adjacent diagram, if we write AD = a , and BC = b , and the height h is the length of a line segment between AD and BC that is perpendicular to them, then the area K is
Distance covered is the area under the line. Each time interval is coloured differently. The distance covered in the second and subsequent intervals is the area of its trapezium, which can be subdivided into triangles as shown. As each triangle has the same base and height, they have the same area as the triangle in the first interval.
The formula for the area of a trapezoid can be simplified using Pitot's theorem to get a formula for the area of a tangential trapezoid. If the bases have lengths a, b, and any one of the other two sides has length c, then the area K is given by the formula [2] (This formula can be used only in cases where the bases are parallel.)
In Euclidean geometry, Brahmagupta's formula, named after the 7th century Indian mathematician, is used to find the area of any convex cyclic quadrilateral (one that can be inscribed in a circle) given the lengths of the sides. Its generalized version, Bretschneider's formula, can be used with non-cyclic quadrilateral.
In calculus, the trapezoidal rule (also known as the trapezoid rule or trapezium rule) [a] is a technique for numerical integration, i.e., approximating the definite integral: (). The trapezoidal rule works by approximating the region under the graph of the function f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} as a trapezoid and calculating its area.
Perimeter#Formulas – Path that surrounds an area; List of second moments of area; List of surface-area-to-volume ratios – Surface area per unit volume; List of surface area formulas – Measure of a two-dimensional surface; List of trigonometric identities; List of volume formulas – Quantity of three-dimensional space
The formula for the volume of a pyramidal square frustum was introduced by the ancient Egyptian mathematics in what is called the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, written in the 13th dynasty (c. 1850 BC): = (+ +), where a and b are the base and top side lengths, and h is the height.