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Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes
The reason for this is that, in aqueous solution, the ion written as Ag + actually exists as the four-coordinate tetrahedral aqua species [Ag(H 2 O) 4] +. The first step is then a substitution reaction involving the displacement of a bound water molecule by ammonia forming the tetrahedral complex [Ag(NH 3 )(H 2 O) 3 ] + .
In the concrete technology, plasticizers and superplasticizers are also called high range water reducers. When added to concrete mixtures, they confer a number of properties including improved workability and strength. The strength of concrete is inversely proportional to the amount of water added, i.e., the water-cement (w/c) ratio.
Similar, but different in origin, is the concept of fossil water, which is used to describe very old groundwater found in deep aquifers or bedrock. Typically it was recharged during a different climatic period (e.g., the last ice age ) so is also very old, but possibly not of the same genesis as the rock.
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Ag 2 O features linear, two-coordinate Ag centers linked by tetrahedral oxides. It is isostructural with Cu 2 O. It "dissolves" in solvents that degrade it. It is slightly soluble in water due to the formation of the ion Ag(OH) − 2 and possibly related hydrolysis products. [13] It is soluble in ammonia solution, producing active compound of ...
Cowlick vs. Balding: Key Differences. A cowlick differs from a bald spot in a couple key ways.. First, a cowlick is a natural, normal feature of your scalp that occurs as a result of your genes.
Water softeners, which use sodium ions to replace water-hardening minerals in water, were first introduced into the water treatment market in 1903. The theory of ion exchange involves replacing undesirable or potentially harmful ions with more desirable or harmless ones. This is implemented in domestic water treatment system as water softeners.