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According to the surviving fragments of the work Exposition of the Sayings of the Lord of the Apostolic Father Papias of Hierapolis, who lived c. 70–163 AD, "Mary, mother of James the Less and Joseph, wife of Alphaeus was the sister of Mary the mother of the Lord, whom John names of Cleophas". [2]
Now there stood by the cross of Jesus His mother and His mother’s sister, Mary of Clopas, and Mary Magdalene. [3] The Gospels of Mark and Matthew each include similar passages that are nearly identical to one another: Among which was Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James and Joseph, and the mother of Zebedee's children. [4]
Annunciation to Joachim and Anna, fresco by Gaudenzio Ferrari, 1544–45 (detail). The Gospel of James (or the Protoevangelium of James) [Note 1] is a second-century infancy gospel telling of the miraculous conception of the Virgin Mary, her upbringing and marriage to Joseph, the journey of the couple to Bethlehem, the birth of Jesus, and events immediately following.
They may have been: (1) sons of Mary, the mother of Jesus, and Joseph; (2) sons of Joseph by a former marriage; or (3) sons of Mary of Clopas, named in Mark 15:40 as the "mother of James and Joses", who has been identified as either the sister of Mary, the mother of Jesus, or a sister-in-law to Joseph. [4] [b]
Mary, mother of James the Less and Joseph, wife of Alphaeus was the sister of Mary the mother of the Lord, whom John names of Cleophas. [7] Therefore, James, son of Alphaeus would be the same as James the Less. In Catholic tradition, James's mother is none other than Mary of Clopas who was among the women at the foot of the Cross of Jesus, weeping.
The History of Joseph the Carpenter (Historia Josephi Fabri Lignari) is a compilation of traditions concerning Mary (mother of Jesus), Joseph, and the Holy Family, probably composed in Byzantine Egypt in Greek in the late sixth or early seventh centuries, but surviving only in Coptic and Arabic language translation [1] (apart from several Greek papyrus fragments [2]).
The theological situation was complicated by the gospel references to "brothers and sisters" of Jesus, [63] who may have been: (1) the sons of Mary, the mother of Jesus, and Joseph; (2) sons of Mary, the wife of Clopas and sister of Mary the mother of Jesus; or (3) sons of Joseph by a former marriage. [64]
Matthew 27:56 also refers to a Mary, mother of a James, but it is unclear whether her other son is called Joses (Ἰωσῆ, favoured by Stephanus Textus Receptus 1550, Scrivener's Textus Receptus 1894, RP Byzantine Majority Text 2005, and the Greek Orthodox Church) or Joseph (Ἰωσὴφ, favoured by Westcott and Hort 1881, Westcott and Hort ...