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For consumer equipment it is −10 dBV, which is used to reduce manufacturing costs. [3] Expressed in absolute terms, a signal at −10 dBV is equivalent to a sine wave signal with a peak amplitude (V PK) of approximately 0.447 volts, or any general signal at 0.316 volts root mean square (V RMS).
The decibel originates from methods used to quantify signal loss in telegraph and telephone circuits. Until the mid-1920s, the unit for loss was miles of standard cable (MSC). 1 MSC corresponded to the loss of power over one mile (approximately 1.6 km) of standard telephone cable at a frequency of 5000 radians per second (795.8 Hz), and matched closely the smallest attenuation detectable to a ...
Audio engineers use dynamic range to describe the ratio of the amplitude of the loudest possible undistorted signal to the noise floor, say of a microphone or loudspeaker. [18] Dynamic range is therefore the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the case where the signal is the loudest possible for the system. For example, if the ceiling of a device ...
In semi-professional and domestic equipment, the nominal level is usually −10 dBV. [3] This difference is due to the cost required to create larger power supplies and output higher levels. [4] In broadcasting equipment, this is termed the Maximum Permitted Level, which is defined by European Broadcasting Union standards.
The Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio is a multiple of the bit depth. Audio CDs use a bit depth of 16-bits, while DVD-Video and Blu-ray discs can use 24-bit audio. The maximum dynamic range of a 16-bit system is about 96 dB, [10] while for 24 bit it is about 144 dB.
In telecommunications, [1] particularly in radio frequency engineering, signal strength refers to the transmitter power output as received by a reference antenna at a distance from the transmitting antenna. High-powered transmissions, such as those used in broadcasting, are expressed in dB-millivolts per metre (dBmV/m).
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This convention is the basis for the ITU's LUFS loudness unit, [23] and is also used in Sound Forge [10] and Euphonix meters, [24] and Analog Devices digital microphone specs [25] (though referred to as "dBFS").