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Phormium is a genus of two plant species in the family Asphodelaceae.One species is endemic to New Zealand and the other is native to New Zealand and Norfolk Island. [1] The two species are widely known in New Zealand as flax or their Māori names wharariki and harakeke respectively, and elsewhere as New Zealand flax or flax lily, but they are not closely related to the Northern Hemisphere's ...
Tūī on New Zealand flax. Phormium tenax (called flax in New Zealand English; harakeke in Māori; New Zealand flax [1] [2] outside New Zealand; and New Zealand hemp [1] in historical nautical contexts) is an evergreen perennial plant native to New Zealand and Norfolk Island that is an important fibre plant and a popular ornamental plant. [3]
Phormium colensoi (syn. Phormium cookianum – see below), also called mountain flax, or wharariki in Māori, is a perennial plant that is endemic to New Zealand. [5] The greenish, yellow or orange flowers are followed by twisted seed pods. [5] It is less common than the other Phormium species, P. tenax or harakeke.
New Zealand flax describes the common New Zealand perennial plants Phormium tenax and Phormium colensoi, known by the Māori names harakeke and wharariki respectively. Although given the common name 'flax' they are quite distinct from the Northern Hemisphere plant known as flax ( Linum usitatissimum ) .
New Zealand flax or harakeke (Phormium tenax) is an invasive species in St Helena, some Pacific islands and in Australia. [9] Pohuehue (Muehlenbeckia complexa), also called wire vine, mattress vine and several other common names, is naturalised in Western Australia. [10]
The harakeke (Phormium tenax), or New Zealand flax plant, was brought to Norfolk Island either from New Zealand directly or from Raoul Island (Sunday Island) by these Polynesian settlers. [2] The flax is no relation of European flax but is related to the daylily and other genera within the sub-family Hemerocallidaceae. The final fate of the ...
An 1847 portrait of Hōne Heke and his wife Hariata wearing cloaks made from Phormium tenax (New Zealand flax) fibre. Māori made textiles and woven items from a number of plants, including harakeke (New Zealand flax), wharariki, tī kōuka, tōī, pīngao, kiekie, nīkau and toetoe. [8] [9] [10]
The traditional weaving material is muka, fibre prepared from the New Zealand flax (Phormium tenax) by scraping, pounding and washing. The muka fibre was dyed using natural dyes . There has been a resurgence of tāniko and other Māori cultural practices starting in the 1950s and as part of the broader Māori Renaissance .
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