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While c , which also has hard and soft pronunciations, exists alongside k (which always indicates a hard pronunciation), g has no analogous letter or letter combination which consistently indicates a hard g sound, even though English uses j consistently for the soft g sound (the rationale for the spelling change of "gaol" to "jail").
These changes for the most part did not detract from the rule-governed nature of the spelling system; but, in some cases, they introduced confusing inconsistencies, like the well-known example of the many pronunciations of ough (tough, through, though, cough, plough, etc.). Most of these changes happened before the arrival of printing in England.
Traditional Spelling Revised (TSR) is a conservative English-language spelling reform which seeks to apply the underlying rules of English orthography more consistently. [1] It was created by Stephen Linstead and chosen by the International English Spelling Congres (IESC) as the preferred alternative to the defective English orthography in ...
Franklin modified the standard English alphabet by omitting the letters c, j, q, w, x, and y, and adding new letters to explicitly represent the open-mid back rounded [ɔ] and unrounded [ʌ] vowels, and the consonants sh [ʃ], ng [ŋ], dh [ð], and th [θ]. It was one of the earlier proposed spelling reforms to the English language.
Until the 19th century, j was used instead of i in diphthongs, as a replacement for final -ii, and in vowel groups (as in Savoja); this rule was quite strict in official writing. j is also used to render /j/ in dialectal spelling, e.g. Romanesco dialect ajo [ajo] (garlic; cf. Italian aglio [aʎo]).
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An orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, punctuation, word boundaries, capitalization, hyphenation, and emphasis.. Most national and international languages have an established writing system that has undergone substantial standardization, thus exhibiting less dialect variation than the spoken language.