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Some plants and trees are resistant to juglone including some species of maple (Acer), birch (Betula), and beech (Fagus). [citation needed] It is highly toxic to many insect herbivores. However, some of them, example Actias luna (Luna moth), can detoxify juglone (and related naphthoquinones) to non-toxic 1,4,5-trihydroxynaphthalene.
Standing beneath the tree during rain can cause blistering of the skin from even a small drop of rain with the latex in it. Burning tree parts may cause blindness if the smoke reaches the eyes. The fruit can also be fatal if eaten. Many trees carry a warning sign, while others have been marked with a red "X" on the trunk to indicate danger.
It is a major source of the highly poisonous, intensely bitter alkaloids strychnine and brucine derived from the seeds inside the tree's round, green to orange fruit. [6] The seeds contain approximately 1.5% strychnine, and the dried blossoms contain 1.0%. [3] However, the tree's bark also contains brucine and other poisonous compounds.
It can often be difficult in practice to distinguish allelopathy from resource competition. While the former is caused by the addition of a harmful chemical agent to the environment, the latter is caused by the removal of essential resources (nutrients, light, water, etc.). Often, both mechanisms can act simultaneously.
As herbicides are pesticides used to kill unwanted plants, silvicides are special pesticides (cacodylic acid or MSMA, for instance) used to kill brush and trees. They can wipe out entire forests or specific, unwanted forest species.
Walnut trees are any species of tree in the plant genus Juglans, the type genus of the family Juglandaceae, the seeds of which are referred to as walnuts.All species are deciduous trees, 10–40 metres (33–131 ft) tall, with pinnate leaves 200–900 millimetres (7.9–35.4 in), with 5–25 leaflets; the shoots have chambered pith, a character shared with the wingnuts (Pterocarya), but not ...
Juglone is poorly soluble in water and does not move far in the soil and will stay most concentrated in the soil directly beneath the tree. [20] Even after a tree is removed the soil where the roots once were will still contain juglone for several years after the tree is removed as more juglone will be released as the roots decay. [ 20 ]
The plant pathogenic fungus Leucostoma kunzei (formerly Valsa kunzei) is the causal agent of Leucostoma canker (also known as Cytospora canker or spruce canker), a disease of spruce trees found in the Northern Hemisphere, predominantly on Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens).