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The first of these is Crusades, [191] [137] by French historian Louis R. Bréhier, appearing in the Catholic Encyclopedia, based on his L'Église et l'Orient au Moyen Âge: Les Croisades. [192] The second is The Crusades, [193] by English historian Ernest Barker, in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition). Collectively, Bréhier and Barker ...
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land between 1095 and 1291 that had the objective of reconquering Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule after the region had been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate ...
Crusades against Italian republics and cities, and Sicily. These are documented in the work by British historian Norman Housley, The Italian Crusades: The Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades Against Christian Lay Powers, 1254-1343 (1982). [322] Mallorca Crusade. The Mallorca Crusade (1113–1115), also known as the Balearic Islands Expedition.
Map of the First Crusade. The Templar Trail pilgrimage route recreates, as much as possible given Middle Eastern conflict, the journey followed during the First Crusade in 1096 by Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lower Lorraine, and his 40,000 troops from France to capture the city of Jerusalem. It stretches across eleven countries and two continents.
In the 19th century, the crusader states became a subject of study, distinct from the crusades, particularly in France. Joseph François Michaud's influential narratives concentrated on topics of war, conquest, and settlement while France's colonial ambitions in the Levant were linked explicitly.
Aimery of Limoges sends a letter to Louis VII of France describing the events in the Crusader states. [415] (Date unknown). The Archbishopric of Uppsala is created in Sweden. [264] Map of route taken by Benjamin of Tudela. 1165 (Date unknown). Bohemund III of Antioch and Thoros II of Armenia, held in captivity by Nūr-ad-Din, are ransomed by ...
The Crusades: A History of Armed Pilgrimage and Holy War. New York: Carroll and Graf Publishers, 2003. New ed.: The Crusades: Islam and Christianity in the Struggle for World Supremacy. New York: Carroll and Graf Publishers, 2004. Lilie, Ralph-Johannes. Byzantium and the Crusader States, 1096–1204. Translated by J. C. Morris and Jean E. Ridings.
Chronology and Maps, covering 1095–1789, in The Oxford History of the Crusades, edited by Jonathan Riley-Smith. [ 4 ] A Chronological Outline of the Crusades: Background, Military Expeditions, and Crusader States, covering 160–1798, in The Routledge Companion to the Crusades, by Peter Lock.