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2. Old English grammar - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_grammar

   Strong verbs use a Germanic form of conjugation known as ablaut. They form the past tense by changing their stem vowel. These verbs still exist in modern English; sing, sang, sung is a strong verb, as are swim, swam, swum and break, broke, broken. In modern English, strong verbs are rare, and they are mostly categorised as irregular verbs.

3. Old Norse morphology - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_morphology

   Old Norse has three categories of verbs (strong, weak, & present-preterite) and two categories of nouns (strong, weak). Conjugation and declension are carried out by a mix of inflection and two nonconcatenative morphological processes: umlaut, a backness-based alteration to the root vowel; and ablaut, a replacement of the root vowel, in verbs.

4. Old Saxon grammar - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Saxon_grammar

   Strong verbs use the Germanic form of conjugation known as ablaut. In this form of conjugation, the stem of the word changes to indicate the tense. Verbs like this persist in modern English; for example sing, sang, sung is a strong verb, as is swim, swam, swum and choose, chose, chosen. The root portion of the word changes rather than its ending.

5. English verbs - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_verbs

   The base form or plain form of an English verb is not marked by any inflectional ending.. Certain derivational suffixes are frequently used to form verbs, such as -en (sharpen), -ate (formulate), -fy (electrify), and -ise/ize (realise/realize), but verbs with those suffixes are nonetheless considered to be base-form verbs.

6. Strong verb - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_verb

   Strong verb may refer to: Germanic strong verb, a verb that marks its past tense by means of changes to the stem vowel; Strong inflection, a system of verb conjugation contrasted with an alternative "weak" system in the same language; Irregular verb, any verb whose conjugation does not follow the typical pattern of the language to which it belongs

7. Middle English - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English

   The writing of this period, however, continues to reflect a variety of regional forms of English. ... Strong verbs, by contrast, formed their past tense by changing ...

8. Proto-Indo-European verbs - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs

   English is also a strong example, where all weak verb classes have merged, many older strong verbs have become weak, and all other verbs are considered irregular relic formations. Dutch and German also show this development, but the non-productive strong verb classes have remained more regular.

9. Productivity (linguistics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_(linguistics)

   In standard English, the formation of preterite and past participle forms of verbs by means of ablaut (as Germanic strong verbs, for example, sing–sang–sung) is no longer considered productive. Newly coined verbs in English overwhelmingly use the 'weak' (regular) ending -ed for the past tense and past participle (for example, spammed, e ...