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The citric acid cycle is a series of enzymatic reactions carried out inside the inner membranes of the cell's mitochondria. The process begins when the two-carbon acetyl CoA enters the cycle and joins the four-carbon oxaloacetate to produce the six-carbon citrate.
Overview of the citric acid cycle. The citric acid cycle—also known as the Krebs cycle, Szent–Györgyi–Krebs cycle, or TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) [1] [2] —is a series of biochemical reactions to release the energy stored in nutrients through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and alcohol.
Amphibolic properties of the citric acid cycle. An amphibolic pathway is one that can be either catabolic or anabolic based on the availability of or the need for energy. [10]: 570 The currency of energy in a biological cell is adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which stores its energy in the phosphoanhydride bonds. The energy is utilized to conduct ...
Citrate ion Malate ion. The citrate-malate shuttle is a series of chemical reactions, commonly referred to as a biochemical cycle or system, that transports acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix across the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes for fatty acid synthesis. [1]
Pyruvate oxidation is the step that connects glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. [4] In glycolysis, a single glucose molecule (6 carbons) is split into 2 pyruvates (3 carbons each). Because of this, the link reaction occurs twice for each glucose molecule to produce a total of 2 acetyl-CoA molecules, which can then enter the Krebs cycle.
Malate, in the mitochondrial matrix, can be used to make pyruvate (catalyzed by malic enzyme) or oxaloacetic acid, both of which can enter the citric acid cycle. Glutamine can also be used to produce oxaloacetate during anaplerotic reactions in various cell types through "glutaminolysis", which is also seen in many c-Myc transformed cells. [3]
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The citric acid cycle is an example of a metabolon that facilitates substrate channeling. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Another example is the dhurrin synthesis pathway in sorghum, in which the enzymes assemble as a metabolon in lipid membranes. [ 3 ]