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The one-bit Gray code is G 1 = (0,1). This can be thought of as built recursively as above from a zero-bit Gray code G 0 = ( Λ ) consisting of a single entry of zero length. This iterative process of generating G n+1 from G n makes the following properties of the standard reflecting code clear:
The reason for adding 6 is that there are 16 possible 4-bit BCD values (since 2 4 = 16), but only 10 values are valid (0000 through 1001). For example: 1001 + 1000 = 10001 9 + 8 = 17 10001 is the binary, not decimal, representation of the desired result, but the most significant 1 (the "carry") cannot fit in a 4-bit binary number.
The 5-bit Baudot code used in early synchronous multiplexing telegraphs can be seen as an offset-1 (excess-1) reflected binary (Gray) code. One historically prominent example of offset-64 ( excess-64 ) notation was in the floating point (exponential) notation in the IBM System/360 and System/370 generations of computers.
Powers of the 4-bit Gray code permutation (compare A195467) The permutation matrices are arranged in a cycle graph of the cyclic group Z 4 like , but the identity is in the top left position, so that the symmetric matrices are mirrored at the diagonal. Cayley table of the cyclic group (The orange vectors are the same as in the cycle graph.)
The HP Saturn processors, used in many Hewlett-Packard calculators between 1984 and 2003 (including the HP 48 series of scientific calculators) are "4-bit" (or hybrid 64-/4-bit) machines; as the Intel 4004 did, they string multiple 4-bit words together, e.g. to form a 20-bit memory address, and most of the registers are 64 bits wide, storing 16 ...
Also, when the sum of two excess-3 digits is greater than 9, the carry bit of a 4-bit adder will be set high. This works because, after adding two digits, an "excess" value of 6 results in the sum. Because a 4-bit integer can only hold values 0 to 15, an excess of 6 means that any sum over 9 will overflow (produce a carry-out).
Aiken code (symmetry property) Aiken code in hexadecimal coding. The following weighting is obtained for the Aiken code: 2-4-2-1. One might think that double codes are possible for a number, for example 1011 and 0101 could represent 5. However, here one makes sure that the digits 0 to 4 are mirror image complementary to the numbers 5 to 9.
This is a list of some binary codes that are (or have been) used to represent text as a sequence of binary digits "0" and "1". Fixed-width binary codes use a set number of bits to represent each character in the text, while in variable-width binary codes, the number of bits may vary from character to character.