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  2. Biological pigment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pigment

    It is the presence and relative abundance of chlorophyll that gives plants their green color. All land plants and green algae possess two forms of this pigment: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Kelps, diatoms, and other photosynthetic heterokonts contain chlorophyll c instead of b, while red algae possess only chlorophyll a. All chlorophylls ...

  3. Etiolation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiolation

    Etiolation / iː t i ə ˈ l eɪ ʃ ən / is a process in flowering plants grown in partial or complete absence of light. [1] It is characterized by long, weak stems; smaller leaves due to longer internodes; and a pale yellow color . The development of seedlings in the dark is known as "skotomorphogenesis" and leads to etiolated seedlings.

  4. Chromophore - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromophore

    Leaves change color in the fall because their chromophores (chlorophyll molecules) break down and stop absorbing red and blue light. [1] A chromophore is a molecule which absorbs light at a particular wavelength and reflects color as a result. Chromophores are commonly referred to as colored molecules for this reason.

  5. Chemical polarity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_polarity

    The dipoles do not cancel out, resulting in a net dipole. The dipole moment of water depends on its state. In the gas phase the dipole moment is ≈ 1.86 debye (D), [ 11 ] whereas liquid water (≈ 2.95 D) [ 12 ] and ice (≈ 3.09 D) [ 13 ] are higher due to differing hydrogen-bonded environments.

  6. Intermolecular force - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermolecular_force

    This occurs if there is symmetry within the molecule that causes the dipoles to cancel each other out. This occurs in molecules such as tetrachloromethane and carbon dioxide. The dipoledipole interaction between two individual atoms is usually zero, since atoms rarely carry a permanent dipole. The Keesom interaction is a van der Waals force.

  7. Heliotropism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliotropism

    Heliotropism, a form of tropism, is the diurnal or seasonal motion of plant parts (flowers or leaves) in response to the direction of the Sun. The habit of some plants to move in the direction of the Sun, a form of tropism, was already known by the Ancient Greeks. They named one of those plants after that property Heliotropium, meaning "sun turn".

  8. Photoprotection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoprotection

    Photoprotection is the biochemical process that helps organisms cope with molecular damage caused by sunlight.Plants and other oxygenic phototrophs have developed a suite of photoprotective mechanisms to prevent photoinhibition and oxidative stress caused by excess or fluctuating light conditions.

  9. Color charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge

    Color charge is a property of quarks and gluons that is related to the particles' strong interactions in the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Like electric charge, it determines how quarks and gluons interact through the strong force; however, rather than there being only positive and negative charges, there are three "charges", commonly called red, green, and blue.