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The self-discrepancy theory states that individuals compare their "actual" self to internalized standards or the "ideal/ought self". Inconsistencies between "actual", "ideal" (idealized version of yourself created from life experiences) and "ought" (who persons feel they should be or should become) are associated with emotional discomforts (e.g., fear, threat, restlessness).
In 1987, Tory Higgins developed the self-discrepancy theory, and described three main forms of self: actual self, ideal self, and ought self. Actual self is the set of qualities and characteristics that a person actually possesses, the ideal self contains the attributes that a person hopes to someday achieve, and the ought self contains the ...
Freud. Ego ideal—Ego—Object—Outer Object. In Freudian psychoanalysis, the ego ideal (German: Ichideal) is the inner image of oneself as one wants to become. [1] It consists of "the individual's conscious and unconscious images of what he would like to be, patterned after certain people whom ... he regards as ideal."
Self-Discrepancy model explaining the outcome of actual:ideal and actual:ought discrepancies experienced by restrained eaters. With the identity control theory, there is more opportunity for negative emotions than positive emotions.
The false self replaces the narcissist's true self and is intended to shield him from hurt and narcissistic injury by self-imputing omnipotence. The narcissist pretends that his false self is real and demands that others affirm this confabulation, meanwhile keeping his real imperfect true self under wraps. [27]
An example of an ideal self is one that includes "completing medical school, becoming more sociable, or learning to speak fluent Dutch." [6] This is different from the actual self, which consists of attributes the self currently possesses [7] and the ought self, which consists of attributes the self feels obligated to possess. [7]
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This image motivates the L2 learner as they work towards reducing the difference between their actual self and their ideal self. [13] 2. The Ought-to L2 Self - This is the learner's image of what future qualities they ought to possess to prevent negative outcomes, involving duties, expectations and responsibilities imposed externally by others ...