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Initially prompted by the sinking of the Titanic, the current version of SOLAS is the 1974 version, known as SOLAS 1974, which came into force on 25 May 1980, [1] and has been amended several times. As of April 2022, SOLAS 1974 has 167 contracting states, [1] which flag about 99% of merchant ships around the world in terms of gross tonnage. [1]
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) states that "The International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code) is a comprehensive set of measures to enhance the security of ships and port facilities, developed in response to the perceived threats to ships and port facilities in the wake of the 9/11 attacks in the United States".
The Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) is a global and multidisciplinary research project dedicated to understanding the key biogeochemical-physical interactions and feedbacks between the ocean and the atmosphere. Further, SOLAS seeks to link ocean-atmosphere interactions with climate and people.
Ensuring Secure Seas: Indian Maritime Security Strategy (IMSS-2015 or Strategy-2015) is a document published under India's Integrated Headquarters outlining the nation's updated thinking towards its naval considerations. The previous edition Freedom to Use the Seas: India's Maritime Military Strategy (IMMS-2007) was published in 2007. [1]
Maritime security is facilitated at sea and in ports by several international regulations and codes from the International Maritime Organization. [18] The primary Code is the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code which entered into force in 2004. [19]
The Code applies to all ships, irrespective of size involved in the carriage of grain in bulk. [1] Definitions of grain include wheat, maize, oats, rye, barley, pulses, rice and seeds.
The FSS Code or International Code for Fire Safety Systems is a set of international treaties organised by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) under the SOLAS Convention that are designed to reduce the risk of fire, and aid in emergency response aboard ships. [1]
The SOLAS Convention (Chapter XI-2, Regulation 6) which enforces the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code on maritime security requires all ships over 500 GT to be equipped with an SSAS. [1] [3] [7] Only exception are non-passenger vessels of less than 500 GT constructed before 1 July 2004. [8]