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The conquered territory became the Roman province of Britannia. Attempts to conquer northern Britain in the following centuries were not successful. Following Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain in 54 BC, some southern British chiefdoms had become allies of the Romans. The exile of their ally Verica gave the Romans a pretext for invasion.
The core of the campaign history of the Roman military is an aggregate of different accounts of the Roman military's land battles, from its initial defense against and subsequent conquest of the city's hilltop neighbors on the Italian peninsula, to the ultimate struggle of the Western Roman Empire for its existence against invading Huns ...
Caesar's two invasions did not conquer Britain but established it as a major trading partner of Rome. A century later, a botched attempt to conquer Britain was made under the emperor Caligula. [6] Caligula's uncle and successor, Claudius, was the first emperor to oversee a successful invasion.
In the following years, the Romans conquered more of the island, increasing the size of Roman Britain. Governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola, father-in-law to the historian Tacitus, conquered the Ordovices in 78. With the XX Valeria Victrix legion, Agricola defeated the Caledonians in 84 at the Battle of Mons Graupius, in north-east Scotland. [39]
Some Roman writers even insisted that it did not exist, [5] and dismissed reports of Pytheas's voyage as a hoax. [6] Britain during the reign of Julius Caesar had an Iron Age culture, with an estimated population of between one and four million. Archaeological research shows that its economy was broadly divided into lowland and highland zones.
The British Fourth Army, including the American 33d and 80th Divisions, struck the northwestern edge of the salient in coordination with a thrust by the French First Army from the southwest. No artillery barrage preceded the attack to forewarn the enemy. Some 600 tanks spearheaded the British assault, which jumped off during the thick fog.
Beckett, Ian Frederick William (1985), A Nation in Arms: A Social Study of the British Army in the First World War, Manchester University Press 1985, ISBN 0-7190-1737-8; Beckett, Ian Frederick William (2006), Home Front 1914–1918: How Britain Survived the Great War, The National Archives, ISBN 978-1-903365-81-6
During the war British private investments abroad were sold, raising £550 million. However, £250 million new investment also took place during the war. The net financial loss was therefore approximately £300 million ; less than two years investment compared to the pre-war average rate and more than replaced by 1928. [ 183 ]