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Research suggests that left atrium size as measured by an echo-cardiograph may be linked to cardiovascular disease. However, studies that have found LAE to be a predictor for mortality recognize the need for more standardized left atrium measurements than those found in an echo-cardiogram. [1]
The left atrial volume is commonly measured by echocardiography or magnetic resonance tomography.It is calculated from biplane recordings with the equation: = where A4c and A2c denote LA areas in 4- and 2-chamber views respectively, and L corresponds to the shortest long-axis length measured in either views.
Measurements in this view can be used to quantify the heart: Left ventricular size and wall thickness; Left atrial linear dimension (as opposed to area) Left ventricular outflow tract diameter (used to calculate aortic valve area by the continuity equation) Aortic annulus, sinus of Valsalva, and aortic root sizes; Color doppler of all four valves
The thickness of the posterior left ventricular wall. 8.3 mm, [20] Range 7 – 11 mm [21] Mean left ventricular myocardial thickness: Mean LVMT: Average thickness of the left ventricle, with numbers given as 95% prediction interval for the short axis images at the mid-cavity level [22] Women: 4 - 8 mm [22] Men: 5 - 9 mm [22]
A useful measurement on X-ray is the cardio-thoracic ratio, which is the transverse diameter of the heart, compared with that of the thoracic cage. [24] These diameters are taken from PA chest x-rays using the widest point of the chest and measuring as far as the lung pleura , rather than lateral skin margins.
Modalities applied to measurement of ejection fraction is an emerging field of medical mathematics and subsequent computational applications. The first common measurement method is echocardiography, [7] [8] although cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), [8] [9] cardiac computed tomography, [8] [9] ventriculography and nuclear medicine (gated SPECT and radionuclide angiography) [8] [10 ...
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High in the upper part of the left atrium is a muscular ear-shaped pouch – the left atrial appendage (LAA) (lat: auricula atrii sinistra), which has a tubular trabeculated structure. [9] LAA anatomy as seen in a CT scan is characterized as being in one of four groups: chicken wing (48%), cactus (30%), windsock (19%), and cauliflower(3%).