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Risk factors include decreased level of consciousness, problems with swallowing, alcoholism, tube feeding, and poor oral health. [1] Diagnosis is typically based on the presenting history, symptoms, chest X-ray, and sputum culture. [1] [2] Differentiating from other types of pneumonia may be difficult. [1]
Most nosocomial respiratory infections are caused by so-called microaspiration of upper airway secretions, through inapparent aspiration, into the lower respiratory tract. Also, "macroaspirations" of esophageal or gastric material is known to result in HAP. Since it results from aspiration either type is called aspiration pneumonia. [1] [2] [3]
Historically it is said that a patient is at risk if they have: [3] Residual gastric volume of greater than 25ml, with; pH of less than 2.5; However these are indirect measurements and are not factors that directly influence aspiration risk. [3] Patients with a high risk should have a rapid sequence induction. High risk is defined as these ...
Drugs can increase a person's risk of aspiration through multiple mechanisms. [6] Medications including sedatives, hypnotics, and antipsychotics can result in decreased level of consciousness and loss of cough and swallow reflexes. [7] Long-term use of proton pump inhibitors can lead to overgrowth of gastric bacteria and increase risk of ...
In the frail elderly good oral health care may lower the risk of aspiration pneumonia, [104] even though there is no good evidence that one approach to mouth care is better than others in preventing nursing home acquired pneumonia. [105] Zinc supplementation in children 2 months to five years old appears to reduce rates of pneumonia. [106]
A nursing diagnosis may be part of the nursing process and is a clinical judgment about individual, family, or community experiences/responses to actual or potential health problems/life processes. Nursing diagnoses foster the nurse's independent practice (e.g., patient comfort or relief) compared to dependent interventions driven by physician ...
The ingestion and aspiration of foreign objects pose a common and dangerous problem in young children. It remains one of the leading cause of death in children under the age of 5. [ 20 ] Common food items (baby carrots, peanuts, etc.) and household objects (coins, metals, etc.) may lodge in various levels of the airway tract and cause ...
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a type of lung infection that occurs in people who are on mechanical ventilation breathing machines in hospitals. As such, VAP typically affects critically ill persons that are in an intensive care unit (ICU) and have been on a mechanical ventilator for at least 48 hours.