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Chemical structure of modafinil. This page lists chemical compounds similar to modafinil, known as modafinil analogues and derivatives. These are structural analogues and derivatives of modafinil, a drug that affects dopamine levels in the brain in an unusual way (atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitor or DRI).
This category lists chemical compounds similar to modafinil, a wakefulness-promoting medication. The compounds in this category have similar chemical formula to that of modafinil. These compounds are collectively called modafinil analogues and derivatives. This category also lists modafinil itself and its stereoisomers.
Adrafinil is a prodrug; it is primarily metabolized in vivo to modafinil, resulting in very similar pharmacological effects. [6] Unlike modafinil, however, it takes time for the metabolite to accumulate to active levels in the bloodstream. Effects usually are apparent within 45–60 minutes when taken orally on an empty stomach. [citation needed]
Modafinil and its analogues are known to act as dopamine reuptake inhibitors and this is thought to be involved in their wakefulness-promoting effects. [1] Chemically, fladrafinil is a derivative of adrafinil (N-hydroxymodafinil) and is also known as bisfluoroadrafinil (it is the bis(4-fluoro) phenyl ring-substituted derivative of adrafinil). [1]
The drug has been found to block the dopamine transporter (DAT) by 83%, to a greater extent than methylphenidate without unfavorable concomitant adrenergic effects. [8] The drug is an atypical DRI similarly to modafinil. [11] [1] [9] The affinities for the DAT of flmodafinil's enantiomers and modafinil have also been studied.
Eugeroics, in the sense of modafinil-type wakefulness promoting agents, include modafinil itself, armodafinil, and adrafinil, among others. [9] They are medically indicated for the treatment of certain sleep disorders , including excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
A Cephalon-founded study in which patients were administered modafinil, methylphenidate, and a placebo found that modafinil produces "psychoactive and euphoric effects and feelings consistent with [methylphenidate]." [12] Like modafinil, armodafinil is an inhibitor and/or inducer of certain cytochrome P450 enzymes.
CE-123, or as the active enantiomer (S)-CE-123, is an analog of modafinil, the most researched of a series of structurally related heterocyclic derivatives. [1] [2] [3] In animal studies, CE-123 was found to improve performance on tests of learning and memory in a manner consistent with a nootropic effect profile.
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