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VFR / VMC visibility requirements in the US. In aviation, visual meteorological conditions (VMC) is an aviation flight category in which visual flight rules (VFR) flight is permitted—that is, conditions in which pilots have sufficient visibility to fly the aircraft maintaining visual separation from terrain and other aircraft.
"Few" = 1–2 oktas SCT "Scattered" = 3–4 oktas BKN "Broken" = 5–7 oktas OVC "Overcast" = 8 oktas, i.e., full cloud coverage TCU Towering cumulus cloud, e.g., SCT016TCU CB Cumulonimbus cloud, e.g., FEW015CB VV "Vertical visibility" = clouds cannot be seen because of fog or heavy precipitation, so vertical visibility is given instead.
Cloud-cover symbols used on weather teleprinters and aviation reports in the US [6] In the early 20th century, it was common for weather maps to be hand drawn. The symbols for cloud cover on these maps, like the modern symbols, were drawn inside the circle marking the position of the weather station making the measurements.
Under visual meteorological conditions, the minimum visual range, distance from clouds, or cloud clearance requirements to be maintained above ground vary by jurisdiction, and may also vary according to the airspace in which the aircraft is operating. [4] In some countries, VFR flight is permitted at night, and is known as night VFR.
ii. Broken down into geographical areas, and/or states; iii. Describes cloud and weather affecting VFR flight operations, including precipitation, thunderstorms, and sustained surface winds 20 Kts or greater. Also includes visibility when the forecast to visibility is between 3 and 6 SM and/or obstructions to visibility
[1] In some countries pilots are required to get an air traffic control (ATC) clearance, or in absence of a controller, advise the nearest flight service station or center. Pilots are required to adhere to VFR minima when climbing and descending over the clouds. Flight in cloud is not permitted. [1]
ATC authorization will include a cloud top report and a request to report upon reaching the top; it may also include a clearance limit, routing, and an alternative clearance if VFR-on-top is not reached by a specified altitude. Pilots operating on a VFR-on-top clearance must advise ATC before any altitude change. [2]
A pilot report or PIREP is a report of actual flight or ground conditions encountered by an aircraft.Reports commonly include information about atmospheric conditions (like temperature, icing, turbulence) or airport conditions (like runway condition codes or ground equipment failures).