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The pressure is always considered (in brewing) to be 1 standard atmosphere (1,013.25 hPa) and the temperature is usually 20 °C (68 °F) for both sample and water but in some parts of the world different temperatures may be used and there are hydrometers sold calibrated to, for example, 16 °C (60 °F).
Because fermentation produces ethanol, which has a lower density than water (gravity of 0.787 at 25°C [3]), the apparent attenuation overestimates the actual percentage of sugars consumed. [4]
Specific gravity is the density of a liquid relative to that of water, i.e., if the density of the liquid is 1.05 times that of water, it has a specific gravity of 1.05. In UK brewing usage, it is customary to regard the reference value for water to be 1000, so the specific gravity of the same example beer would be quoted as 1050.
A basic formula [4] to calculate beer strength based on the difference between the original and final SG is: A B V = 131.25 ( O G − F G ) {\displaystyle ABV=131.25(OG-FG)} The formula below [ 5 ] is an alternate equation which provides more accurate estimates at higher alcohol percentages (it is typically used for beers above 6 or 7%).
People choose to brew their own beer for a variety of reasons. Many homebrew to avoid a higher cost of buying commercially equivalent beverages. [10] Brewing domestically also affords one the freedom to adjust recipes according to one's own preference, create beverages that are unavailable on the open market or beverages that may contain fewer calories, or less or more alcohol.
Burtonisation is the act of adding sulphate, often in the form of gypsum, to the water used for the brewing of beer, to bring out the flavour of the hops. The name comes from the town of Burton upon Trent which had several very successful breweries due to the chemical composition of the local water. [14]
Brew ratios A brewing control chart [4] can be used to control a beverage's degree of extraction and strength. The optimal ratio between extraction and strength is represented by a rectangle in the center of the chart – within that area, coffee is neither over- nor under-extracted, and neither too strong nor weak.
The specific weight, also known as the unit weight (symbol γ, the Greek letter gamma), is a volume-specific quantity defined as the weight W divided by the volume V of a material: = / Equivalently, it may also be formulated as the product of density, ρ, and gravity acceleration, g: = Its unit of measurement in the International System of Units (SI) is newton per cubic metre (N/m 3), with ...