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It is an area that is insensitive to pain due to its association with the lung and innervation by visceral sensory neurons. [8] Visceral pleura also forms interlobular septa (that separates secondary pulmonary lobules). [9] Interlobular septa contains connective tissue, pulmonary veins, and lymphatics. [10]
Innervation of the bronchial tree regulates contraction of bronchial smooth muscles, mucous secretions from submucosal glands, vascular permeability, and blood flow. [2] Sensory fiber innervation of the visceral pleura is thought to allow stretch detection. [3] [4] [5]
The serous membrane that covers the surface of the lung is the visceral pleura and is separated from the outer membrane, the parietal pleura, by just the film of pleural fluid in the pleural cavity. The visceral pleura follows the fissures of the lung and the root of the lung structures. The parietal pleura is attached to the mediastinum, the ...
The pleurae are two serous membranes; the outer parietal pleura lines the inner wall of the rib cage and the inner visceral pleura directly lines the surface of the lungs. Between the pleurae is a potential space called the pleural cavity containing a thin layer of lubricating pleural fluid.
The inner (visceral pleura) covers the lungs and the outer (parietal pleura) lines the inner surface of the chest wall. This membrane secretes a small amount of fluid, allowing the lungs to move freely within the pleural cavity while expanding and contracting during breathing. The lungs are divided into different lobes.
The intercostal nerves are part of the somatic nervous system, and arise from the anterior rami of the thoracic spinal nerves from T1 to T11. [1] [2] The intercostal nerves are distributed chiefly to the thoracic pleura and abdominal peritoneum, and differ from the anterior rami of the other spinal nerves in that each pursues an independent course without plexus formation.
In the abdomen, general visceral afferent fibers usually accompany sympathetic efferent fibers. This means that a signal traveling in an afferent fiber will begin at sensory receptors in the afferent fiber's target organ, travel up to the ganglion where the sympathetic efferent fiber synapses, continue back along a splanchnic nerve from the ganglion into the sympathetic trunk, move into a ...
Instead, the parietal and visceral pleura are both composed of dense connective tissue and joined to each other via loose connective tissue. [41] This lack of a pleural space, along with an unusually thick diaphragm , are thought to be evolutionary adaptations allowing the elephant to remain underwater for long periods while breathing through ...