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An existence check before reading a file can catch and/or prevent a fatal error, for instance. For that reason, most programming language libraries contain a means of checking whether a file exists. An existence check can sometimes involve a " brute force " approach of checking all records for a given identifier, as in this Microsoft Excel ...
The design matrix has dimension n-by-p, where n is the number of samples observed, and p is the number of variables measured in all samples. [4] [5]In this representation different rows typically represent different repetitions of an experiment, while columns represent different types of data (say, the results from particular probes).
An approach used by the fisher.test function in R is to compute the p-value by summing the probabilities for all tables with probabilities less than or equal to that of the observed table. In the example here, the 2-sided p -value is twice the 1-sided value—but in general these can differ substantially for tables with small counts, unlike the ...
Column labels are used to apply a filter to one or more columns that have to be shown in the pivot table. For instance if the "Salesperson" field is dragged to this area, then the table constructed will have values from the column "Sales Person", i.e., one will have a number of columns equal to the number of "Salesperson". There will also be ...
Python has many different implementations of the spearman correlation statistic: it can be computed with the spearmanr function of the scipy.stats module, as well as with the DataFrame.corr(method='spearman') method from the pandas library, and the corr(x, y, method='spearman') function from the statistical package pingouin.
Comma-separated values (CSV) is a text file format that uses commas to separate values, and newlines to separate records. A CSV file stores tabular data (numbers and text) in plain text, where each line of the file typically represents one data record.
Thomae's function: is a function that is continuous at all irrational numbers and discontinuous at all rational numbers. It is also a modification of Dirichlet function and sometimes called Riemann function. Kronecker delta function: is a function of two variables, usually integers, which is 1 if they are equal, and 0 otherwise.
A memory address a is said to be n-byte aligned when a is a multiple of n (where n is a power of 2). In this context, a byte is the smallest unit of memory access, i.e. each memory address specifies a different byte.