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Inferno (Italian: [iɱˈfɛrno]; Italian for 'Hell') is the first part of Italian writer Dante Alighieri's 14th-century narrative poem The Divine Comedy, followed by Purgatorio and Paradiso. The Inferno describes the journey of a fictionalised version of Dante himself through Hell , guided by the ancient Roman poet Virgil .
Inferno depicts a vision of hell divided into nine concentric circles, each home to souls guilty of a particular class of sin. [3] Led by his guide, the Roman poet Virgil, Dante enters the first circle of hell in Inferno 's Canto IV. The first circle is Limbo, the resting place of souls who "never sinned" but whose "merit falls far short". [4]
Some examples of topoi are the following: the locus amoenus (for example, the imaginary world of Arcadia) and the locus horridus (for example, Dante's Inferno); the idyll; cemetery poetry (see the Spoon River Anthology); love and death (in Greek, eros and thanatos), love as disease and love as death, (see the character of Dido in Virgil's Aeneid);
The narrator echoes Inferno 2.32 in the poem (2.588–592). The Monk's Tale from The Canterbury Tales describes (in greater and more emphatic detail) the plight of Count Ugolino (Inferno, cantos 32 and 33), referring explicitly to Dante's original text in 7.2459–2462.
Dante gazes at Mount Purgatory in an allegorical portrait by Agnolo Bronzino, painted c. 1530. The Divine Comedy is composed of 14,233 lines that are divided into three cantiche (singular cantica) – Inferno (), Purgatorio (), and Paradiso () – each consisting of 33 cantos (Italian plural canti).
Inferno depicts a vision of hell divided into nine concentric circles, each home to souls guilty of a particular class of sin. [2] Led by his guide, the Roman poet Virgil, Dante enters the second circle of hell in Inferno 's Canto V. Before entering the circle proper they encounter Minos, the mythological king of the Minoan civilization.
A complete listing and criticism of all English translations of at least one of the three cantiche (parts) was made by Cunningham in 1966. [12] The table below summarises Cunningham's data with additions between 1966 and the present, many of which are taken from the Dante Society of America's yearly North American bibliography [13] and Società Dantesca Italiana [] 's international ...
Literal translation, direct translation, or word-for-word translation is the translation of a text done by translating each word separately without analysing how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. [1] In translation theory, another term for literal translation is metaphrase (as opposed to paraphrase for an analogous translation).