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Due to geographical proximity, most of the early Christian critiques of Islam were associated with Eastern Christians. The Quran was not translated from Arabic into the Latin language until the 12th century, when the English Catholic priest Robert of Ketton made the Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete translation (Robert was active in the Diocese of Pamplona, not far removed from the Arabic-speakers in ...
[n 1] Critics use this to argue that the Quran's author was mistaken about orthodox Christian beliefs, wherein Mary is a human and the third part of the Trinity is the Holy Spirit. On the other hand, Muslims argue that past Collyridian Christians have explicitly believed Mary to be a divine being.
The Quran was canonized only after Muhammad's death in 632 CE. According to Islamic tradition the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 23/644–35 AH/655 CE) established the canonical Qur'an, reportedly starting the process in 644 CE, [6] and completing the work around 650 CE (the exact date was not recorded by early Arab annalists). [7]
The Quran mentions the Zabur, interpreted as being the Book of Psalms, [14] as being the holy scripture revealed to King David . Scholars have often understood the Psalms to have been holy songs of praise, and not a book administering law. [15] The current Psalms are still praised by many Muslim scholars. [16]
[Then God says] But if they turn away, then say: Bear witness that we are Submitters [to God] ("Muslims")." [Quran 3:64] Seal: Muhammad, Apostle of God. Islamic sources say that after the letter was read to him, he was impressed by it and he gifted the messenger of the epistle with robes and coinage. [15] Alternatively, he also put it on his lap.
In the Quran, the Tawrāh, customarily translated as "Torah", refers to the divine scripture revealed to Moses as guidance for the Children of Israel. It contained laws, commandments, and stories of earlier prophets. [14] The Quran explains that the Gospel revealed to Jesus confirmed the Torah which came before it. [14]
According to the Muslim belief and Islamic scholarly accounts, the revelation of the Quran to the Islamic prophet Muhammad began in 610 CE when the angel Gabriel (believed to have been sent by God) appeared to Muhammad (a trader in the Western Arabian city of Mecca, which had become a sanctuary for pagan deities and an important trading center) in the cave of Hira.
Despite the shortcomings of the pre-Islamic Arabs in documenting their oral tradition, the Islamic written recovery of this oral tradition allows us to appreciate the linguistic supremacy of the Arabs before Islam. The Quran challenged the linguistic shrewdness of the first Muslim generations, as it was revealed in the language of the Arabs ...