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Monocytes can migrate into tissues and replenish resident macrophage populations. Macrophages have a high antimicrobial and phagocytic activity and thereby protect tissues from foreign substances. They are cells that possess a large smooth nucleus, a large area of cytoplasm, and many internal vesicles for processing foreign material.
T H 1 cells also help recruit more monocytes, the precursor to macrophages, to the infection site. T H 1 secretion TNF-α and LT-α to make blood vessels easier for monocytes to bind to and exit. [34] T H 1 secretion of CCL2 as a chemoattractant for monocytes. IL-3 and GM-CSF released by T H 1 cells stimulate more monocyte production in the ...
An electron micrograph of a macrophage. This is the general morphology of macrophages. The anatomy of human skin. Dermal macrophages are usually present in the dermis and around hair follicles. Dermal macrophages are macrophages in the skin that facilitate skin homeostasis by mediating wound repair, hair growth, and salt balance. [1]
Since all previous researchers have indicated that epithelioid cells are formed from monocytes, and monocytes and macrophages were combined into a single mononuclear phagocyte system, Van Furth et al. (1972), referring to the work of Sutton J. and Weiss L. (1966), [6] formally attributed epithelioid cells to the mononuclear phagocyte system. [2]
Some monocytes leave the blood circulation and migrate to the muscles where they differentiate and become macrophages. [104] These cells differentiate into two types: proliferative macrophages, which are responsible for increasing the number of stem cells and restorative macrophages, which are involved their maturing to muscle cells. [107]
B-cell progenitors → functional macrophages [9] Rat hepatic cell line → insulin-producing cells (Pdx1 and Ngn3) [10] Fibroblasts → macrophage-like cells (PU.1 and C/EBPα or C/EBPβ) [11] Postnatal cardiac and dermal fibroblasts → cardiomyocytes (Gata4, myocyte enhancer factor 2C, and Tbx5) [12]
[1] [2] Undifferentiated bone marrow cells are cultured in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF; CSF-1). [3] M-CSF is a cytokine and growth factor that is responsible for the proliferation and commitment of myeloid progenitors into monocytes (which then mature into macrophages).
Numbers of monocytes in the wound peak one to one and a half days after the injury occurs. [23] Once they are in the wound site, monocytes mature into macrophages. Macrophages also secrete a number of factors such as growth factors and other cytokines, especially during the third and fourth post-wounding days.