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Muscle hypertrophy may precede pseudohypertrophy by infiltration of fatty tissue [4] Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: Calf muscle [15] /infraspinatus [19] /deltoid muscles [5] "Poly-hill sign" (hypertrophy and atrophy of shoulder girdle muscles) and "Popeye sign" (atrophy of biceps, but spared forearm). [19] Myotonic dystrophy types 1 & 2
The diagnosis of muscular dystrophy is based on the results of muscle biopsy, increased creatine phosphokinase (CpK3), electromyography, and genetic testing. A physical examination and the patient's medical history will help the doctor determine the type of muscular dystrophy.
Treatment approaches include impacting the signaling pathways that induce muscle hypertrophy or slow muscle breakdown as well as optimizing nutritional status. [ citation needed ] Physical activity provides a significant anabolic muscle stimulus and is a crucial component to slowing or reversing muscle atrophy. [ 3 ]
Atrophy is the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body. Causes of atrophy include mutations (which can destroy the gene to build up the organ), poor nourishment, poor circulation, loss of hormonal support, loss of nerve supply to the target organ, excessive amount of apoptosis of cells, and disuse or lack of exercise or disease intrinsic to the tissue itself.
Limb–girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) is a genetically heterogeneous group of rare muscular dystrophies that share a set of clinical characteristics. [7] It is characterised by progressive muscle wasting which affects predominantly hip and shoulder muscles. [ 8 ]
Atrophy (reduced functionality of an organ, with decrease in the number or volume of cells) Hypertrophy (increase in the volume of cells or tissues) Hypotrophy (decrease in the volume of cells or tissues) Dystrophy (any degenerative disorder resulting from improper or faulty nutrition)
Thymus atrophy during early human development (childhood) is an example of physiologic atrophy. Skeletal muscle atrophy is a common pathologic adaptation to skeletal muscle disuse (commonly called "disuse atrophy"). Tissue and organs especially susceptible to atrophy include skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, secondary sex organs, and the brain ...
The importance of correctly recognizing progressive muscular atrophy as opposed to ALS is important for several reasons. The prognosis is a little better. A recent study found the 5-year survival rate in PMA to be 33% (vs 20% in ALS) and the 10-year survival rate to be 12% (vs 6% in ALS). [1]
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