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Postterm pregnancy is when a woman has not yet delivered her baby after 42 weeks of gestation, two weeks beyond the typical 40-week duration of pregnancy. [1] Postmature births carry risks for both the mother and the baby, including fetal malnutrition, meconium aspiration syndrome , and stillbirths . [ 2 ]
The main causes of obstructed labour include a large or abnormally positioned baby, a small pelvis, and problems with the birth canal. [2] Both the size and the position of the fetus can lead to obstructed labor. Abnormal positioning includes shoulder dystocia where the anterior shoulder does not pass easily below the pubic bone. [2]
The cause of spontaneous preterm birth is often not known. [2] Risk factors include diabetes, high blood pressure, multiple gestation (being pregnant with more than one baby), being either obese or underweight, vaginal infections, air pollution exposure, tobacco smoking, and psychological stress.
During pregnancy, a baby is surrounded and cushioned by a fluid-filled sac (the amniotic sac). Usually the sac ruptures at the beginning of or during labour. It may cause a gush of fluid or leak in an intermittent or constant flow of small amounts from a woman's vagina. The fluid is clear or pale yellow.
The causes of IUGR are broad and may involve maternal, fetal, or placental complications. [ 6 ] At least 60% of the 4 million neonatal deaths that occur worldwide every year are associated with low birth weight (LBW), caused by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), preterm delivery, and genetic abnormalities , [ 7 ] demonstrating that under ...
Kernicterus causes yellow pigmentation of the skin, brain damage, and deafness. [65] Petechaie is when the capillaries bleed resulting in red/purple spots on the skin. [66] However, cytomegalovirus is often fatal in the embryo. The Zika virus can also be transmitted from the pregnant mother to her baby and cause microcephaly. [citation needed]
The unintended pregnancy rate among teens has been declining in the US. Between 2008 and 2011, the unintended pregnancy rate declined 44% among women aged 15–17 years old and 20% among women aged 18–19 years old. [34] This decline is attributed to improved contraceptive use among sexually active teens, rather than changes in sexual activity ...
The cause of recurrent pregnancy is unknown in about 50% of cases. Risk factors that have been associated with RPL include parental and genetic factors (advanced maternal age, chromosomal abnormalities, sperm DNA fragmentation), anatomical conditions, lifestyle factors, endocrine disorders, thrombophila (bleeding disorders), immunological ...