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Postterm pregnancy is when a woman has not yet delivered her baby after 42 weeks of gestation, two weeks beyond the typical 40-week duration of pregnancy. [1] Postmature births carry risks for both the mother and the baby, including fetal malnutrition, meconium aspiration syndrome , and stillbirths . [ 2 ]
Pregnancy over the age of 50 has become possible for more women because of advances in assisted reproductive technology, in particular egg donation. Typically, a woman's fecundity ends with menopause , which, by definition, is 12 consecutive months without any menstrual flow at all.
A woman's fertility is in generally good quality from the late teens to early thirties, although it declines gradually over time. [1] Around 35, fertility is noted to decline at a more rapid rate. [1] At age 45, a woman starting to try to conceive will have no live birth in 50–80 percent of cases. [2]
A "primigravida" is a female who is pregnant for the first time or has been pregnant once. A " multigravida " or " secundigravida " is a female who has been pregnant more than once. Terms such as "gravida 0", referring to a nulligravida, "gravida 1" for a primigravida, and so on, can also be used.
Reasons for late terminations of pregnancy include circumstances where a pregnant woman's health is at risk or when birth defects, such as lethal fetal abnormalities, have been detected. [7] [8] In the United States, the mortality rate for legal abortions overall is less than 1 in 100,000 procedures performed.
Pregnant women can also be exposed to toxins in the workplace, including airborne particles. The effects of wearing an N95 filtering facepiece respirator are similar for pregnant women as for non-pregnant women, and wearing a respirator for one hour does not affect the fetal heart rate. [119]
A pregnant woman sleeping on her back after 28 weeks of pregnancy may be a risk factor for stillbirth. [22] [27] After a stillbirth there is a 2.5% risk of another stillbirth in the next pregnancy (an increase from 0.4%). [28] In the United States, highest rates of stillbirths happen in pregnant women who: [29] are of low socioeconomic status
Gestational age at birth is on average shortened by various pregnancy aspects: twin pregnancy, prelabor rupture of (fetal) membranes, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction. [29] The ratio between fetal growth rate and uterine size (reflecting uterine distension) is suspected to partially determine the pregnancy length.
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