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An atomic battery, nuclear battery, radioisotope battery or radioisotope generator uses energy from the decay of a radioactive isotope to generate electricity. Like a nuclear reactor , it generates electricity from nuclear energy, but it differs by not using a chain reaction .
It consists of three phases (or stages), to be executed by a battery charger. The three phases are: I-phase (constant electric current), Uo-phase (constant over-voltage), and U-phase (constant voltage). The purpose is to fully charge the battery in a relatively short time without reducing its life span and to keep the battery charged ...
A battery charger, recharger, or simply charger, [1] [2] is a device that stores energy in an electric battery by running current through it. The charging protocol—how much voltage and current, for how long and what to do when charging is complete—depends on the size and type of the battery being charged.
Assuming a normal distribution of particle positions and impulses, a charged particle beam (or a bunch of the beam) is characterized by [3] the species of particle, e.g. electrons, protons, or atomic nuclei; the mean energy of the particles, often expressed in electronvolts (typically keV to GeV) the (average) particle current, often expressed ...
Like an optical beam, the atomic beam may exhibit diffraction and interference, and can be focused with a Fresnel zone plate [2] or a concave atomic mirror. [ 3 ] For comprehensive overviews of atom optics, see the 1994 review by Adams, Sigel, and Mlynek [ 1 ] or the 2009 review by Cronin, Jörg, and Pritchard. [ 4 ]
A small ion beam rocket being tested by NASA. An ion beam is a beam of ions, a type of charged particle beam. Ion beams have many uses in electronics manufacturing (principally ion implantation) and other industries. There are many ion beam sources, some derived from the mercury vapor thrusters developed by NASA in the 1960s. The most widely ...
A particle beam is a stream of charged or neutral particles.In particle accelerators, these particles can move with a velocity close to the speed of light.There is a difference between the creation and control of charged particle beams and neutral particle beams, as only the first type can be manipulated to a sufficient extent by devices based on electromagnetism.
Atomic beam is special case of particle beam; it is the collimated flux (beam) of neutral atoms. The imaging systems using the slow atomic beams can use the Fresnel zone plate (Fresnel diffraction lens) of a Fresnel diffraction mirror as focusing element. The imaging system with atomic beam could provide the sub-micrometre resolution.