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An example of a positive Seliwanoff’s test. Seliwanoff’s test is a chemical test which distinguishes between aldose and ketose sugars. If the sugar contains a ketone group, it is a ketose. If a sugar contains an aldehyde group, it is an aldose. This test relies on the principle that, when heated, ketoses are more rapidly dehydrated than ...
Barfoed's test is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of monosaccharides. It is based on the reduction of copper(II) acetate to copper(I) oxide (Cu 2 O), which forms a brick-red precipitate. [1] [2] RCHO + 2Cu 2+ + 2H 2 O → RCOOH + Cu 2 O↓ + 4H + (Disaccharides may also react, but the reaction is much slower.)
Ketoacidosis is a metabolic state caused by uncontrolled production of ketone bodies that cause a metabolic acidosis.While ketosis refers to any elevation of blood ketones, ketoacidosis is a specific pathologic condition that results in changes in blood pH and requires medical attention.
Tumor markers can be molecules that are produced in higher amounts by cancer cells than normal cells, but can also be produced by other cells from a reaction with the cancer. [2] The markers can't be used to give patients a diagnosis but can be compared with the result of other tests like biopsy or imaging. [2]
The ketone group is the double-bonded oxygen. In organic chemistry, a ketose is a monosaccharide containing one ketone (>C=O) group per molecule. [1] [2] The simplest ketose is dihydroxyacetone ((CH 2 OH) 2 C=O), which has only three carbon atoms. It is the only ketose with no optical activity.
The result is a rate of ketone production higher than the rate of ketone disposal, and a decrease in blood pH. [12] In extreme cases the resulting acetone can be detected in the patient's breath as a faint, sweet odor. There are some health benefits to ketone bodies and ketogenesis as well.
The hypothesis was postulated by the Nobel laureate Otto Heinrich Warburg in 1924. [3] He hypothesized that cancer, malignant growth, and tumor growth are caused by the fact that tumor cells mainly generate energy (as e.g., adenosine triphosphate / ATP) by non-oxidative breakdown of glucose (a process called glycolysis).
In cancer cells, major changes in gene expression increase glucose uptake to support their rapid growth. Unlike normal cells, which produce lactate only when oxygen is low, cancer cells convert much of the glucose to lactate even in the presence of adequate oxygen. This is known as the “Warburg Effect.”