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The traditional understanding of an attribute in philosophy is similar to Spinoza's modes, though he uses that word differently. [132] To him, an attribute is "that which the intellect perceives as constituting the essence of substance", and there are possibly an infinite number of them. [134]
[17] If there is any difference at all between "Substance" and "the Attributes", as Spinoza uses these terms, it is only the difference between the Attributes conceived as an organic system and the Attributes conceived (but not by Spinoza) as a mere sum of detached forces. Something is still necessary to complete the account of Spinoza's ...
Substance, according to Spinoza, is one and indivisible, but has multiple "attributes". He regards an attribute, though, as "what we conceive as constituting the [single] essence of substance". The single essence of one substance can be conceived of as material and also, consistently, as mental.
“The Building Blocks of Spinoza’s Metaphysics: Substance, Attributes, and Modes” in Michael Della Rocca (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Spinoza (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), 84–113. “ Spinoza’s Metaphysics of Thought: Parallelisms and the Multifaceted Structure of Ideas ,” Philosophy & Phenomenological Research 86 (2013 ...
Modes are properties of a substance that follow from its attributes and therefore have only a dependent form of existence. [52] Spinoza sees everyday-things like rocks, cats or ourselves as mere modes and thereby opposes the traditional Aristotelian and Cartesian conception of categorizing them as substances. [53]
1884 by R. H. L. Elwes, an abriged version in the second volume of The Chief Works of Benedict de Spinoza (George Bell & Sons, London). 1958 by Joseph Katz (The Library of Liberal Arts, New York). 1985 by Edwin Curley, in the first volume of The Collected Works of Spinoza (Princeton University Press).
Spinoza considered human beings to be a subset of this one substance and are considered as an "extension" of the body. [31] A degree of mutual understanding among the two philosophers on this debate is found in their commentaries on the primary attribute of the mind and the body-the former being thought, while the latter, being extension. [32]
Extension also plays an important part in the philosophy of Baruch Spinoza, who says that substance (that which has extension) can be limited only by substance of the same sort, i.e. matter cannot be limited by ideas and vice versa. From this principle, he determines that substance is infinite.