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  2. Observer (special relativity) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_(special_relativity)

    Physicists use the term "observer" as shorthand for a specific reference frame from which a set of objects or events is being measured. Speaking of an observer in special relativity is not specifically hypothesizing an individual person who is experiencing events, but rather it is a particular mathematical context which objects and events are ...

  3. Einstein's thought experiments - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein's_thought_experiments

    Einstein's argument that falling light acquires energy. To show that the equivalence principle necessarily implies the gravitation of energy, Einstein considered a light source separated along the z-axis by a distance above a receiver in a homogeneous gravitational field having a force per unit mass of 1 .

  4. Special relativity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativity

    From the principle of relativity alone without assuming the constancy of the speed of light (i.e., using the isotropy of space and the symmetry implied by the principle of special relativity) it can be shown that the spacetime transformations between inertial frames are either Euclidean, Galilean, or Lorentzian. In the Lorentzian case, one can ...

  5. Observer effect (physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics)

    Similarly, seeing non-luminous objects requires light hitting the object to cause it to reflect that light. While the effects of observation are often negligible, the object still experiences a change (leading to the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment). This effect can be found in many domains of physics, but can usually be reduced to ...

  6. Classical mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mechanics

    Classical mechanics provides accurate results when studying objects that are not extremely massive and have speeds not approaching the speed of light. With objects about the size of an atom's diameter, it becomes necessary to use quantum mechanics. To describe velocities approaching the speed of light, special relativity is needed.

  7. Modified Newtonian dynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_Newtonian_dynamics

    Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) is a theory that proposes a modification of Newton's laws to account for observed properties of galaxies.Modifying Newton's law of gravity results in modified gravity, while modifying Newton's second law results in modified inertia.

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  9. Frame of reference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_of_reference

    The primed frame moves at 40% of light speed, and the double primed frame at 80%. Note the scissors-like change as speed increases. An observational frame of reference , often referred to as a physical frame of reference , a frame of reference , or simply a frame , is a physical concept related to an observer and the observer's state of motion.