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The decorator pattern is a design pattern used in statically-typed object-oriented programming languages to allow functionality to be added to objects at run time; Python decorators add functionality to functions and methods at definition time, and thus are a higher-level construct than decorator-pattern classes.
In class-based, object-oriented programming, a constructor (abbreviation: ctor) is a special type of function called to create an object.It prepares the new object for use, often accepting arguments that the constructor uses to set required member variables.
This JavaScript example implementation provides the toJSON method used by the JSON.stringify() [9] function to serialize the class into a simple string instead of a composite data type. It calls Object.freeze() to make the instance immutable. [10] It overrides the built-in toString() method [11] and the valueOf() method. [12]
The common practice of documenting a code object at the head of its definition is captured by the addition of docstring syntax in the Python language. The docstring for a Python code object (a module, class, or function) is the first statement of that code object, immediately following the definition (the 'def' or 'class' statement).
In Ruby, all classes are open. In Python, classes can be created at runtime, and all can be modified afterward. [43] Objective-C categories permit the programmer to add methods to an existing class without the need to recompile that class or even have access to its source code.
A function object solves those problems since the function is really a façade for a full object, carrying its own state. Many modern (and some older) languages, e.g. C++, Eiffel, Groovy, Lisp, Smalltalk, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Scala, and many others, support first-class function objects and may even make significant use of them. [3]
A function definition starts with the name of the type of value that it returns or void to indicate that it does not return a value. This is followed by the function name, formal arguments in parentheses, and body lines in braces. In C++, a function declared in a class (as non-static) is called a member function or method.
Method overriding, in object-oriented programming, is a language feature that allows a subclass or child class to provide a specific implementation of a method that is already provided by one of its superclasses or parent classes.