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Gastrulation in frogs commences in the marginal zone— the region encircling the blastula's equator where the animal and vegetal hemispheres meet—differing from sea urchins where it begins in the most vegetal part. In contrast to the vegetal blastomeres, the endodermal cells in the marginal zone of frogs are smaller and contain less yolk. [2]
A typical frog embryo, incubated at 18 °C, is an early stage neurula by 50 hours post-fertilization and a late stage neurula by 67 hours. [3] The mouse embryo begins neurulation on day 7.5 of gestation and remains in the neurula stage until day 9.
Gastrulation is the stage in the early embryonic development of most animals, during which the blastula (a single-layered hollow sphere of cells), or in mammals the blastocyst, is reorganized into a two-layered or three-layered embryo known as the gastrula. [1]
The embryo during this process is called a gastrula. The germ layers are referred to as the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. In diploblastic animals only the ectoderm and the endoderm are present. [8] * Among different animals, different combinations of the following processes occur to place the cells in the interior of the embryo:
Only when the blastocoel is formed does the early embryo become a blastula. The blastula precedes the formation of the gastrula in which the germ layers of the embryo form. [3] A common feature of a vertebrate blastula is that it consists of a layer of blastomeres, known as the blastoderm, which surrounds the blastocoel.
The primitive streak is a structure that forms in the early embryo in amniotes. [1] In amphibians, the equivalent structure is the blastopore. [2] During early embryonic development, the embryonic disc becomes oval shaped, and then pear-shaped with the broad end towards the anterior, and the narrower region projected to the posterior.
In birds, the organizer is known as Hensen's node, named after its discoverer Victor Hensen.; In other amniotes, it is known as the primitive node.; In amphibians, it is known as the Spemann-Mangold organizer, named after Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold, who first identified the organizer in 1924.
The cells continue to be rearranged until the shallow dip formed by invagination transforms into a deeper, narrower pouch formed by the gastrula's endoderm. This pouch narrows and lengthens to become the archenteron, a process driven by convergent extension. The open end of the archenteron is called the blastopore.