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In mathematics, the Arthur–Selberg trace formula is a generalization of the Selberg trace formula from the group SL 2 to arbitrary reductive groups over global fields, developed by James Arthur in a long series of papers from 1974 to 2003.
Contemporary successors of the theory are the Arthur–Selberg trace formula applying to the case of general semisimple G, and the many studies of the trace formula in the Langlands philosophy (dealing with technical issues such as endoscopy). The Selberg trace formula can be derived from the Arthur–Selberg trace formula with some effort.
Lemma 1. ′ =, where ′ is the differential of . This equation means that the differential of , evaluated at the identity matrix, is equal to the trace.The differential ′ is a linear operator that maps an n × n matrix to a real number.
The trace of a Hermitian matrix is real, because the elements on the diagonal are real. The trace of a permutation matrix is the number of fixed points of the corresponding permutation, because the diagonal term a ii is 1 if the i th point is fixed and 0 otherwise. The trace of a projection matrix is the dimension of the target space.
The gradient of a function is obtained by raising the index of the differential , whose components are given by: =; =; =, = = The divergence of a vector field with components is
In mathematics, especially vector calculus and differential topology, a closed form is a differential form α whose exterior derivative is zero (dα = 0), and an exact form is a differential form, α, that is the exterior derivative of another differential form β. Thus, an exact form is in the image of d, and a closed form is in the kernel of d.
The trace operator can be defined for functions in the Sobolev spaces , with <, see the section below for possible extensions of the trace to other spaces. Let Ω ⊂ R n {\textstyle \Omega \subset \mathbb {R} ^{n}} for n ∈ N {\textstyle n\in \mathbb {N} } be a bounded domain with Lipschitz boundary.
Trace formula may refer to: Arthur–Selberg trace formula , also known as invariant trace formula, Jacquet's relative trace formula, simple trace formula, stable trace formula Grothendieck trace formula , an analogue in algebraic geometry of the Lefschetz fixed-point theorem in algebraic topology , used to express the Hasse–Weil zeta function .
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