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Surface projections of the major organs of the trunk, using the vertebral column and rib cage as main reference points of surface anatomy. The transpyloric plane is given near center. The transverse thoracic plane. Plane through T4 & T5 vertebral junction and sternal angle of Louis. Marks the: Attachment of costal cartilage of rib 2 at the ...
The midbrain tegmentum is the part of the midbrain extending from the substantia nigra to the cerebral aqueduct in a horizontal section of the midbrain. Structures included in the midbrain tegmentum include the red nucleus, reticular formation, and substantia nigra. The red nucleus is responsible for controlling basic body and limb movements.
A transverse plane (also known as axial or horizontal plane) is parallel to the ground; it separates the superior from the inferior, or the head from the feet. The transverse planes identified in Terminologia Anatomica are the transpyloric plane , the subcostal plane , the transumbilical (or umbilical) plane , the supracristal plane , the ...
Thanks to the number of different nuclei located within the pontine tegmentum, it is a region associated with a range of functions including sensory and motor functions (due to the cranial nuclei and fiber tracts), control of stages of sleep and levels of arousal and vigilance (due to the ascending cholinergic systems), and some aspects of respiratory control.
The paramedian pontine reticular formation (PMPRF) is involved in coordinating horizontal conjugate eye movements and saccades. To do so, besides projecting to the ibsilateral abducens nucleus, the PMPRF projects fibers through the MLF to the contralateral oculomotor nucleus (specifically, those of its motor neurons that innervate the medial rectus muscle).
Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter of the midbrain activates enkephalin-releasing neurons that project to the raphe nuclei in the brainstem. 5-HT released from the raphe nuclei descends to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord where it forms excitatory connections with the inhibitory interneurons located in Laminae II (aka the substantia gelatinosa).
The cerebral aqueduct is roughly circular in transverse section, and measures 1-2 mm in diameter. [3] It is 15 mm long and is commonly subdivided into a pars anterior antrum, and pars posterior. [ 2 ]
The inferior colliculi of the midbrain are located just below the visual processing centers known as the superior colliculi. The inferior colliculus has three subdivisions – the central nucleus, the dorsal cortex by which it is surrounded, and an external cortex which is located laterally. [1]