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Propranolol may cause harmful effects for the baby if taken during pregnancy; [7] however, its use during breastfeeding is generally considered to be safe. [8] It is a non-selective beta blocker which works by blocking β-adrenergic receptors. [2] Propranolol was patented in 1962 and approved for medical use in 1964. [9]
In 1964, James Black [6] synthesized the first clinically significant beta blockers—propranolol and pronethalol; it revolutionized the medical management of angina pectoris [7] and is considered by many to be one of the most important contributions to clinical medicine and pharmacology of the 20th century. [8]
Figure 1: The chemical structure of dichloroisoprenaline or dichloroisoproterenol (), abbreviated DCI — the first β-blocker to be developed. β adrenergic receptor antagonists (also called beta-blockers or β-blockers) were initially developed in the 1960s, for the treatment of angina pectoris but are now also used for hypertension, congestive heart failure and certain arrhythmias. [1]
The first beta blocker, propranolol, was introduced in the early 1960s by the winner of The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988- Sir James W. Black. [23] The drug was originally developed in order to induce a calm effect on the heart by blocking the beta receptor for adrenaline, treating a range of cardiovascular disorders. [23]
Two examples of competitive adrenergic antagonists are propranolol and phentolamine. Phentolamine is a competitive and nonselective α-adrenoreceptor antagonist. Propranolol is a β-adrenoreceptor antagonist. [8]
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Inderal (propranolol) – a beta blocker; it is used for acute anxiety, panic attacks, and hypertension; Intuniv - an extended release, non-stimulant alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Available in instant-release under the brand-name Tenex.
A 2021 study in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that oat beta-glucan meaningfully improved blood sugars and insulin response after a meal.