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Reflective surfaces, or ground-based albedo modification (GBAM), is a solar radiation management method of enhancing Earth's albedo (the ability to reflect the visible, infrared, and ultraviolet wavelengths of the Sun, reducing heat transfer to the surface). The IPCC described this method as "whitening roofs, changes in land use management (e.g ...
The goal of such assessments is to cover the full life of the source, from material and fuel mining through construction to operation and waste management. In 2014, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change harmonized the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 e) findings of the major electricity generating sources in use worldwide.
Atmospheric models calculate winds, heat transfer, radiation, relative humidity, and surface hydrology within each grid and evaluate interactions with neighboring points. [1] A general circulation model (GCM) is a type of climate model. It employs a mathematical model of the general circulation of a planetary atmosphere or ocean.
Project Sunroof was created by Google engineer Carl Elkin as a 20% time project. While initially launching only in the cities of Boston, San Francisco, and Fresno, [3] the project now displays solar potential for 43 million homes in the US. [4] Google has previously invested in projects with solar energy provider, SolarCity.
The Living Building Challenge is an international sustainable building certification program created in 2006 by the non-profit International Living Future Institute. [1] It is described by the Institute as a philosophy, advocacy tool and certification program that promotes the measurement of sustainability in the built environment. [2]
Carbon accounting. Depiction of carbon accounting using the WRI-Greenhouse Gas Protocol classification of emissions into three categories: Scope 1, 2, and 3. Additional downstream Scope 3 sources are shown on WRI's website. [1][2] Carbon accounting (or greenhouse gas accounting) is a framework of methods to measure and track how much greenhouse ...
IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. Average IPCC AR5 climate model projections for 2081–2100 relative to 1986–2005, under low and high emission scenarios. The Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the fifth in a series of such reports and was completed in 2014. [1]
The key conclusions of Working Group I [11] were: . An increasing body of observations gives a collective picture of a warming world and other changes in the climate system (The global average surface temperature has increased over the 20th century by about 0.6 °C; Temperatures have risen during the past four decades in the lowest 8 kilometres of the atmosphere; Snow cover and ice extent have ...
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