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The original Kenner Easy-Bake Oven was heated by two 100-watt incandescent light bulbs, one above the food tray and one below. The idea was that the cake would bake more quickly and evenly if heated from both sides. Later models used only one bulb, leveraging convection from better interior heating dynamics to achieve the same results. [13]
Two systems are common: plasma lamps, in which microwaves or radio waves, energizes a bulb filled with sulfur vapor [1] or metal halides, and fluorescent induction lamps, which are like a conventional fluorescent lamp bulb that induces current with an external or an internal coil of wire via electromagnetic induction.
The starter is a plasma switch itself, and temporarily connects the cathode on one end of the lamp to the anode on the other end of the lamp, causing the lamp ends to heat up quickly, or "preheat". Many F71 lamps are still called "pre-heat bi-pin" for this reason.
Cold-cathode lamps include cold-cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) and neon lamps.Neon lamps primarily rely on excitation of gas molecules to emit light; CCFLs use a discharge in mercury vapor to develop ultraviolet light, which in turn causes a fluorescent coating on the inside of the lamp to emit visible light.
The LED filament style of lamp combines many relatively low-power LEDs on a transparent glass substrate, coated with phosphor, and then encapsulated in the silicone. The lamp bulb is filled with inert gas, which convects heat away from the extended array of LEDs to the envelope of the bulb. This design avoids the requirement for a large heat sink.
A heat lamp is an incandescent light bulb that is used for the principal purpose of creating heat. The spectrum of black-body radiation emitted by the lamp is shifted to produce more infrared light. Many heat lamps include a red filter to minimize the amount of visible light emitted. Heat lamps often include an internal reflector.
Gas mantle in a street lamp (cold) Mantles in their unused flat-packed form. To produce a mantle, cotton is woven or knit into a net bag, impregnated with soluble nitrates of the chosen metals, and then transported to its destination. The user installs the mantle and then burns it to remove the cotton bag and convert the metal nitrates to ...
The dry-bulb temperature (DBT) is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer freely exposed to the air, but shielded from radiation. [1] The dry-bulb temperature is the temperature that is usually thought of as air temperature, and it is the true thermodynamic temperature. It is directly proportional to the mean kinetic energy of the air ...