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Large thermoscopes placed outdoors appeared to cause perpetual motion of contained water, and these were therefore sometimes called perpetuum mobile. [3] Galileo's own work with the thermoscope led him to develop an essentially atomistic conception of heat, published in his book Il Saggiatore in 1623.
1709 — Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit constructed alcohol thermometers which were reproducible (i.e. two would give the same temperature) 1714 — Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the mercury-in-glass thermometer giving much greater precision (4 x that of Rømer). Using Rømer's zero point and an upper point of blood temperature, he adjusted the ...
These early devices were called thermoscopes. The first sealed thermometer was constructed in 1654 by the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand II . [ 1 ] : 19 The development of today's thermometers and temperature scales began in the early 18th century, when Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit produced a mercury thermometer and scale, both developed by Ole ...
1593 – Galileo Galilei invents one of the first thermoscopes, also known as Galileo thermometer [1] 1650 – Otto von Guericke builds the first vacuum pump 1660 – Robert Boyle experimentally discovers Boyle's law, relating the pressure and volume of a gas (published 1662) [2]
1967: Erwin Wilhelm Müller adds time-of-flight spectroscopy to the field ion microscope, making the first atom probe and allowing the chemical identification of each individual atom. 1981: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer develop the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). 1986: Gerd Binnig, Quate, and Gerber invent the atomic force microscope (AFM).
The first clear diagram of a thermoscope was published in 1617 by Giuseppe Biancani (1566 – 1624); [2]: 10 the first showing a scale and thus constituting a thermometer was by Santorio Santorio in 1625. [5] This was a vertical tube, closed by a bulb of air at the top, with the lower end opening into a vessel of water.
In the Galileo thermometer, the small glass bulbs are partly filled with different-colored liquids. The composition of these liquids is mainly water; some contain a tiny percent of alcohol, but that is not important for the functioning of the thermometer; they merely function as fixed weights, with their colors denoting given temperatures.
The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general. Due to the relevance of thermodynamics in much of science and technology, its history is finely woven with the developments of classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, magnetism, and chemical kinetics, to more distant applied fields such as ...
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