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For all-trans-retinoic acid as the metabolite of vitamin A, see Retinoic acid. Tretinoin, also known as all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), is a medication used for the treatment of acne and acute promyelocytic leukemia. [ 8 ][ 9 ][ 10 ] For acne, it is applied to the skin as a cream, gel or ointment. [ 10 ]
Retinoic acid administered as a drug (see tretinoin and alitretinoin) causes significant toxicity that is distinct from normal retinoid biology. [6] All-trans-retinoic acid is the major occurring retinoic acid, while isomers like 13-cis- and 9-cis-retinoic acid are also present in much lower levels. [7]
First generation retinoids are produced naturally in the body and interact with their normal biological counterparts, such as retinol binding protein 4 for retinol, retinoid receptors for all-trans-retinoic acid or 9-cis-retinoic acid. [7] 13-cis retinoic acid has an unknown biological pathway but appears to act as a growth factor. [8]
Retinol, also called vitamin A 1, is a fat-soluble vitamin in the vitamin A family that is found in food and used as a dietary supplement. [3] Retinol or other forms of vitamin A are needed for vision, cellular development, maintenance of skin and mucous membranes, immune function and reproductive development. [3]
Tazarotene, sold under the brand name Tazorac, among others, is a third-generation prescription topical retinoid. [2][3] It is primarily used for the treatment of plaque psoriasis and acne. [4] Tazarotene is also used as a therapeutic for photoaged and photodamaged skin. [4] It is a member of the acetylenic class of retinoids.
Isotretinoin, also known as 13-cis-retinoic acidand sold under the brand name Accutaneamong others, is a medication used to treat skin diseases like harlequin-type ichthyosis, and lamellar ichthyosis, and severe cystic acneor moderate acne that is unresponsive to antibiotics.[6] Isotretinoin is used off-label to treat basal cell carcinomaand ...
Acitretin, sold under the brand names Neotigason[2] and Soriatane, [5] is a second-generation retinoid. It is taken orally, and is typically used for psoriasis. [6] Acitretin is an oral retinoid used in the treatment of severe resistant psoriasis. Because of the potential for problems and severe side effects it is generally used in only very ...
The retinoic acid receptor(RAR) is a type of nuclear receptorwhich can also act as a ligand-activated transcription factor[1]that is activated by both all-trans retinoic acidand 9-cis retinoic acid, retinoid active derivatives of Vitamin A.[2] They are typically found within the nucleus.[3]