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  2. CERN - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN

    The 12 founding member states of CERN in 1954. [13]The convention establishing CERN [14] was ratified on 29 September 1954 by 12 countries in Western Europe. [15] The acronym CERN originally represented the French words for Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire ('European Council for Nuclear Research'), which was a provisional council for building the laboratory, established by 12 ...

  3. PDF - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF

    A PDF file is organized using ASCII characters, except for certain elements that may have binary content. The file starts with a header containing a magic number (as a readable string) and the version of the format, for example %PDF-1.7. The format is a subset of a COS ("Carousel" Object Structure) format. [23]

  4. PDF/A - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF/A

    PDF is a standard for encoding documents in an "as printed" form that is portable between systems. However, the suitability of a PDF file for archival preservation depends on options chosen when the PDF is created: most notably, whether to embed the necessary fonts for rendering the document; whether to use encryption; and whether to preserve additional information from the original document ...

  5. Testbed - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testbed

    A testbed (also spelled test bed) is a platform for conducting rigorous, transparent, and replicable testing of scientific theories, computing tools, and new technologies. The term is used across many disciplines to describe experimental research and new product development platforms and environments. They may vary from hands-on prototype ...

  6. Text corpus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_corpus

    Text corpus. In linguistics and natural language processing, a corpus (pl.: corpora) or text corpus is a dataset, consisting of natively digital and older, digitalized, language resources, either annotated or unannotated. Annotated, they have been used in corpus linguistics for statistical hypothesis testing, checking occurrences or validating ...

  7. History of PDF - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_PDF

    History of PDF. The Portable Document Format (PDF) was created by Adobe Systems, introduced at the Windows and OS/2 Conference in January 1993 and remained a proprietary format until it was released as an open standard in 2008. Since then, it has been under the control of an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) committee of ...

  8. Hypertext - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext

    HyperText is a way to link and access information of various kinds as a web of nodes in which the user can browse at will. Potentially, HyperText provides a single user-interface to many large classes of stored information, such as reports, notes, data-bases, computer documentation and on-line systems help.

  9. Adobe Acrobat - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Acrobat

    Adobe Acrobat is a family of application software and Web services developed by Adobe Inc. to view, create, manipulate, print and manage Portable Document Format (PDF) files. [17] The family comprises Acrobat Reader (formerly Reader), Acrobat (formerly Exchange) and Acrobat.com. The basic Acrobat Reader, available for several desktop and mobile ...