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Warfare, slave raids, legal punishments, self-sales, or sales by relatives, and inheritance of slave status from birth were the common ways individuals become a slave in Central Asia. Linguistic analysis of the vocabulary used for slavery in early Central Asian societies suggests a strong connection between military actions and slavery. [ 18 ]
For example, Critias described helots as "slaves to the utmost", [1] whereas according to Pollux, they occupied a status "between free men and slaves". [2] Tied to the land, they primarily worked in agriculture as a majority and economically supported the Spartan citizens.
Slavery in the ancient world, from the earliest known recorded evidence in Sumer to the pre-medieval Antiquity Mediterranean cultures, comprised a mixture of debt-slavery, slavery as a punishment for crime, and the enslavement of prisoners of war. [1] Masters could free slaves, and in many cases, such freedmen went on to rise to positions of ...
These English words have no direct, universally accepted equivalent in Sanskrit or other Indian languages, but some scholars translate the word dasa, mentioned in texts like Manu Smriti, [224] as slaves. [225] Ancient historians who visited India offer the closest insights into the nature of Indian society and slavery in other ancient ...
Chattel slavery existed in the territory that would become the modern state of Indonesia until the 20th century. Due to the fact that the Maritime South Asian archipelago corresponding to Indonesia was not unified until 1949, the history of slavery in Indonesia is not uniform, but did have common features and a somewhat common history.
The Khanate of Khiva was a major center of slave trade in Central Asia from the 17th century until the Russian conquest in 1873. The slave market in Khiva mainly trafficked slaves from Russia and Persia to the Islamic khanates in Central Asia, but also to India and the Middle East. Khiva was one of the main slave markets in Central Asia.
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South Asia in World History (Oxford UP, 2017) Goldin, Peter B. Central Asia in World History (Oxford UP, 2011) Holcombe, Charles. A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century (2010). Huffman, James L. Japan in World History (Oxford, 2010) Jansen, Marius B. Japan and China: From War to Peace, 1894-1972 (1975)