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A hedge is an investment position intended to offset potential losses or gains that may be incurred by a companion investment. A hedge can be constructed from many types of financial instruments, including stocks, exchange-traded funds, insurance, forward contracts, swaps, options, gambles, [1] many types of over-the-counter and derivative products, and futures contracts.
Hedge funds share many of the same types of risk as other investment classes, including liquidity risk and manager risk. [93] Liquidity refers to the degree to which an asset can be bought and sold or converted to cash; similar to private-equity funds, hedge funds employ a lock-up period during which an investor cannot remove money.
Below are the 20 largest hedge funds in the world ranked by discretionary assets under management (AUM) as of mid-2024. Only assets in private funds following hedge fund strategies are counted. Some of these managers also manage public funds and offer non-hedge fund strategies.
A hedge fund might sell short one automobile industry stock, while buying another—for example, short $1 million of DaimlerChrysler, long $1 million of Ford.With this position, any event that causes all auto industry stocks to fall will cause a profit on the DaimlerChrysler position and a matching loss on the Ford position.
For a cash flow hedge, some of the derivative volatility is placed into a separate component of the entity's equity called the cash flow hedge reserve. Where a hedge relationship is effective (meets the 80%–125% rule), most of the mark-to-market derivative volatility will be offset in the profit and loss account. Hedge accounting entails much ...
In the case of a hedge fund, this means that the partner defers taxation on the income that the hedge fund earns, which is typically ordinary income (or possibly short-term capital gains), due to the nature of the investments most hedge funds make. Private equity funds, however, typically invest on a longer horizon, with the result that income ...
Forward prices of equity indices are calculated by computing the cost of carry of holding a long position in the constituent parts of the index. This will typically be the risk-free interest rate, since the cost of investing in the equity market is the loss of interest minus the estimated dividend yield on the index, since an equity investor receives the sum of the dividends on the component ...
A stock fund, or equity fund, is a fund that invests in stocks, also called equity securities. [1] Stock funds can be contrasted with bond funds and money funds . Fund assets are typically mainly in stock, with some amount of cash , which is generally quite small, as opposed to bonds , notes, or other securities .