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John Jenkins (1755–1822) was an American schoolteacher who wrote the first entirely American book on penmanship, The Art of Writing, Reduced to a Plain and Easy System, first printed in 1791 by Isaiah Thomas. [1] It consisted of 32 pages of text, four plates of engraved writing samples and a frontispiece. [2]
Bickham produced copybooks and business texts, as there was a strong link between writing and mathematics instruction (arithmetic and bookkeeping) in the-mid 17th century to early 18th century. In 1733 Bickham collected penmanship samples from twenty-five London writing masters, engraved and published them in The Universal Penman , issued in ...
By the eighteenth century, schools were established to teach penmanship techniques from master penmen, especially in England and the United States. [16] Penmanship became part of the curriculum in American schools by the early 1900s, rather than just reserved for specialty schools teaching adults penmanship as a professional skill.
Because in the 18th century good penmanship was primarily considered an important business skill, the copybooks frequently were oriented towards autodidacts wishing to learn business skills, and therefore included chapters on general business management as well as lessons in accounting. [4]
Palmer Method, a form of penmanship instruction developed in the late 19th century that replaced Spencerian script as the most popular handwriting system in the United States; Round hand, a style of handwriting and calligraphy originating in England in the 1660s; Zaner-Bloser, another streamlined form of Spencerian script; Teaching script
Later in the 17th and 18th centuries, English writing masters including George Bickham, George Shelley and Charles Snell helped to propagate Round Hand's popularity, so that by the mid-18th century the Round Hand style had spread across Europe and crossed the Atlantic to North America.
First page of Paul's epistle to Philemon in the Rochester Bible (12th century). A modern calligraphic rendition of the word calligraphy (Denis Brown, 2006). Western calligraphy is the art of writing and penmanship as practiced in the Western world, especially using the Latin alphabet (but also including calligraphic use of the Cyrillic and Greek alphabets, as opposed to "Eastern" traditions ...
Pointed nibs also led to the development of newer styles of penmanship such as the English Round Hand and Copperplate scripts during the 17th and 18th centuries, as well as the Spencerian script in the 19th century. Pointed pens are also used by artists and drafters for sketching, mapping and technical drawing. Although any pointed nib can be ...