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Segmentation genes of Drosophila embryo [1]. A segmentation gene is a gene involved in the early developmental stages of pattern formation. It regulates how cells are organized and defines repeated units in the embryo.
Though rare in most mammals, LCRs comprise a large portion of the human genome owing to a significant expansion during primate evolution. [1] In humans, chromosomes Y and 22 have the greatest proportion of SDs: 50.4% and 11.9% respectively. [2] SRGAP2 is an SD.
Multipartite is a class of virus that have segmented nucleic acid genomes, with each segment of the genome enclosed in a separate viral particle. Only a few ssDNA viruses have multipartite genomes, but a many more RNA viruses have multipartite genomes. [1]
The most commonly cited examples of these genes are engrailed and gooseberry in Drosophila melanogaster. [3] The segment polarity is the last step in embryonic development and a repeated pattern where each half of each segment is deleted and a mirror-image is duplicated and reversed to replace that half segment; thus, forming a pattern element. [4]
IAV is an enveloped negative-sense RNA virus, with a segmented genome. [4] Through a combination of mutation and genetic reassortment the virus can evolve to acquire new characteristics, enabling it to evade host immunity and occasionally to jump from one species of host to another. [5] [6]
Many taxa (for example the molluscs) have some form of serial repetition in their units but are not conventionally thought of as segmented. Segmented animals are those considered to have organs that were repeated, or to have a body composed of self-similar units, but usually it is the parts of an organism that are referred to as being segmented ...
The viral genome is then known as a "provirus" or, in the case of bacteriophages a "prophage". [13]: 836 Whenever the host divides, the viral genome is also replicated. The viral genome is mostly silent within the host. At some point, the provirus or prophage may give rise to the active virus, which may lyse the host cells.
When influenza viruses are inactivated by UV irradiation or ionizing radiation, they remain capable of multiplicity reactivation in infected host cells. [5] [6] [7] If any of a virus's genome segments is damaged in such a way as to prevent replication or expression of an essential gene, the virus is inviable when it, alone, infects a host cell (single infection).